1. Chapter 3
Migration

2. What is migration Immigrant- coming into a country
Emigrant- leaving (Exiting) a country

3. Cyclic movement- journeys that begin and end at home and you are only gone for a short period
Activity space- area you cover in one day
Nomadism- longer period of time but along familiar routes

4. Periodic movement- journeys that begin and end at home but you are away for a long time
Migrant labor- workers that come to US during growing season
College and military service are both periodic movement
Transhumance- pastoral farming where you move from pasture to pasture

5. Migration- when movement results in PERMANENT relocation
International- relocating outside your country
Internal- relocating within your country
US trend for internal migration is to the west and the south (Sunbelt) for economic opportunity or retirement

6. Why do people migrate?
Forced migration- involves people moving because of some involuntary reason
Largest forced migration slave trade
Other large forced migrations British prisoners to Australia; Nazi Germany

7. Voluntary migration- people moving by their own choice (better job)
Push factors- conditions that make you want to leave a place
Pull factors- factors that make you choose a destination

8. Distance decay- the further away a place, the less likely people will move
Step migration- people who make little moves to reach a final destination
Intervening opportunity- when you do not reach your final destination because in your travels a new opportunity occurred

9. Laws of Migration Ravenstein
For every group of people who move, some will move back (counter migration)
Migration usually occurs over a short distance
Long distance movers choose big cities
Most migrants are rural moving to cities
Young adults are the typical migrants

10. Gravity model (Ravenstein) number of migrants decrease as the travel distance increases. This is why large populations are spaced apart (big population on west and east coast, not the middle)

11. Types of push/ pull factors
Economic- poverty drives people to move (imaginary pull factors- believing another location can solve all of your problems)
Political- oppressive governments like Vietnam and Cuba

12. Environmental- agriculture or environmental crisis (earthquakes, famine)
Culture- people leave hostile environments where their culture is being ridiculed
Technology- makes travel easier and has encouraged chain migration where family members follow their loved ones to a destination (kinship links)

13. Where do people migrate?
Changed with colonization where Europe took over parts of the world and immigration
Major movements: Europe to North Am.; Southern Europe to South/Central Am. ; British Isles to Aust.; Africa to Americas; India to East Africa; SE Asia to Caribbean

14. Islands of Development- usually coastal cities that are the home of foreign investment and paying jobs (usually poor countries)

15. Regional Migration flows:
Jewish immigrants to Israel since WWII (also many Arabs forced to move)
Eastern Europeans moved west after WWII (communism); Cubans fleeing north
US migrations: post civil was African American moving North and then in 1970s African Americans moving South

16. Guest workers- laborers from other countries who are legally working in the country temporarily
Brain drain- when
your educated
workforce moves to
another country

17. Refugees person who flees an area due to fear of life and safety (international- Haiti internal- Hurricane Katrina victims)
Characteristics of refugees: carry everything; come by foot, bike, or boat; have no documentation

18. Refugees who do not get asylum (gov. help) are sent back
Who is a refugee and who is “faking”
Regions of dislocation: Sub Sahara Africa (Rwanda, Sudan); middle east (Afghanistan); Israel; SE Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia); Europe (Yugoslavia)

19. Government and Migration
Immigration laws- set who can come in and how many
1880 excluded Asians
1920 restricted southern Europeans
Selective immigration (now use quotas)
Post 9-11 migration laws changed for people from terrorist flagged countries