The Formation of a Nation The Original 13 Colonies The Formation of a Nation

The New England Colonies Harsh climate Rocky soil Not good for cash crops- very few slaves settled by many people seeking religious freedom Economy was based on merchants, fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding Higher education is important

The Middle Colonies Good climate Rich soil for staple crops- slaves and indentured servants needed Settled by people wanting religious freedom and economic opportunities Traders and farmers more diverse backgrounds

The Southern Colonies Good climate Rich soil for cash crops made slavery crucial People mostly came for economic opportunities and some for religion Economy was based on agriculture – plantations Cash crops- Tobacco, Cotton, Rice, Indigo Georgia – place for debtors and poor to live

Immigrant Groups of the 13 colonies Middle Colonies Catholics Quakers –William Penn More tolerant Southern Colonies NC- Moravians New England Pilgrims - Settled in Massachusetts in 1620 – Plymouth Puritans - Settled in Massachusetts in 1630 – Boston Wanted religious freedom

Virginia Settlers Form the House of Burgess King James I did not trust Became a colony under English Rule (1624) James Rolfe Perfects Tobacco Crop Virginia Company John Smith

Massachusetts Religious Tolerance Mayflower Pilgrims Massachusetts Bay Colony

Maryland Lord Baltimore (1634) Refuge for Catholics to Escape Protestant England The Act of Toleration (1649) Tolerance for all Christians

Connecticut Immigrants From Massachusetts Puritans River Colony Thomas Hooker and John Haynes

Rhode Island First Colony to Break Away From British Rule Last Colony to Ratify the Constitution Roger Williams Banished From Massachusetts Bay Colony for Religious Views

Delaware Dutch then Swedes then English One of 2 colonies founded by a Country Other than England, France, or Spain

Carolinas Settled by members of the other colonies. Original settlers were English. Granted a private company in 1663 and divided into two colonies in 1711. Great place to grow indigo, rice, and tobacco. Name came from the Latin word carolus, meaning “Charles.” Officially became a state on November 21, 1789.

Carolinas continued Lords Proprietors – 8 noble supporters of Charles II, awarded Carolina in return for their support – 1663 1706 – Bath – first NC town 1710 – New Bern founded – became 1st capital of NC Three regions 1. Coastal Plain in east 2. Piedmont in central 3. Mountains in west

New Immigration NC becomes royal colony in 1728. New settlers 1. Scots-Irish – settled in east 2. Highland Scots – settled in east 3. Germans and Moravians –settled in Piedmont – backcountry 4. Africans – brought as slaves – fewer than many other southern colonies Great Wagon Road Moravians – name their land Wachovia 1766 – establish the towns of Bethabara and Salem

G R E A t W O n d

Economy/Social Structure Economy – North Carolina was mostly agricultural. Cash Crops – Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo Naval Stores – tar, pitch, turpentine Trade was difficult due to NC’s lack of roads and difficult waterways. Social Classes 1. Gentry – rich planters, doctors, lawyers 2. Artisans – craftsmen – blacksmith, cobblers 3. Small Farmers – Yeomen – biggest group

4. Indentured Servants – poor people who bought their passage to America with their service. 5. Slaves/Indians Growing conflict between Eastern and Western NC over taxes and political power. Triangle Trade – three-part voyage A. Europe to Africa – manufactured trade goods B. Africa to America (Middle Passage)- slaves C. America to Europe – raw materials (lumber, cotton, tobacco)

New York Settled by Dutch Traders Established to be a Trade Center Features Waterways for Easy Trade Duke of York

New Jersey Duke of York Gives Land to Friends Freedom of Religion Lord Berkley Sir George Carteret Freedom of Religion

Pennsylvania William Penn Quakers Religious Tolerance

Georgia James Oglethorpe Buffer State Freedom From Religion Poor Could Build a New Life

Name Founded By Year Virginia London Co. 1607 New Hampshire John Mason and Others 1623 Massachusetts Plymouth Maine Puritans Separatists F. Gorges 1628 1620 Maryland Lord Baltimore 1634 Connecticut New Haven Mass. Emigrants 1635 1638 Rhode Island R. Williams 1636 Delaware Swedes N. Carolina Virginians 1653 New York Duke of York 1664 New Jersey Berkeley and Carteret Carolina Eight Nobles 1670 Pennsylvania William Penn 1681 Georgia Oglethorpe and others 1733

Early Government in the Colonies English Bill of Rights – limited King’s power; gave representative government (Parliament) more power Representative Government – the people elect representatives to speak for them in government Mayflower Compact – first attempt at self-government in the English colonies Town meetings – first form of American government in which all free men could participate

House of Burgess – first representative government in America Proprietary Colony – privately-owned colony Royal Colony – government-run colony