351 PHONETICS See also “Phonology,” “Spelling” & “Writing Systems” by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

352 The Tongue: Our Strongest Muscle

353 ARTICULATORY PHONETICS (Callary 120)

354 PLACE OF ARTICULATION BILABIALS LABIO-DENTALS INTERDENTALS ALVEOLARS PALATALS VELARS (Fromkin, Roldman & Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

355 MANNER OF ARTICULATION STOPS FRICATIVES AFFRICATES NASALS (NASALIZING) VOICING (Fromkin, Roldman & Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

356 MANNER OF ARTICULATION EXERCISE TALKING SOFTLY: Everyone in the class should talk softly as they say something. WHISPERING: Everyone in the class should whisper as they say something. NOTE: In talking softly all of the vowels and most of the consonants are voiced, but in whispering none of the vowels or consonants are voiced. When you talk softly in church rather than whispering, your voice will carry throughout the church.

357 NASALIZATION: The velic in the back of the throat opens and closes the nasal cavity to allow nasalization or not. Everyone in the class should keep the velic open as they say something so that all of the sounds will be nasalized. NOTE: If the velic is defective, or if the palate is defective, then many sounds become nasalized that should not be nasalized. This is why people with a detective palate must have an artificial palate installed. (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 249)

358 DENALIZATION: Everyone in the class should keep the velic closed as they say something so that none of the sounds will be nasalized. NOTE: People with adenoid problems, or with colds in their noses sound denasalized. Now everyone in the class should hold their nose as they say something. Is the resulting sound a nasal sound, or a denasalized sound? Explain. QUESTION: Are the nasal sounds in English stops or continuants? ANSWER: From the point of view of the mouth, they are stops; however, from the point of view of the nose, they are continuants. (Fromkin, Roldman & Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

359 CHANGE OF PITCH: The “voice box” is also called the “larynx.” As air passes through the larynx it can be cut off (voiceless), or it can be allowed through (voiceless). If the air is allowed through, but the vocal folds are held close together the result is a high pitch; if they are held close together the result is a low pitch. Pitch can be heard only in voiced continuants. All of our vowels, and most of our consonants are voiced continuants. (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] , 299)

3510 CONTRAST THE SOUNDS & SPELLINGS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS psycho-socks though-thought easy-essay pneumonia-new gnew-new knew-new Thomas-tank phone-peas rough-through bleached-blackened cheese-cow which-who wash-sugar singer-finger gem-get (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 251)

3511 REGIONAL DIALECTS CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING cot-caughtmerry-marry-Marymourning-morningpin-penwitch-which (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] )

3512 REGIONAL DIALECTS PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING calf creek either greasy hog lot Mrs. near outhouse roof schedule spoon tomatoes wash with (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] )

3513 IDENTIFY THE SOUND IDENTIFY THE FEATURES Your teacher will give you three features, and you will give the unique sound that these three features identify. Your teacher will give you a sound, and you will give the three or more features that will uniquely identify the sound. (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] )

3514 POINTS OF ARTICULATION ( Nilsen & Nilsen, Pronunciation Contrasts 131)

3515 PHONETIC ALPHABET FOR ENGLISH (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 233)

3516 PHONETIC SYMBOLS (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 245 & inside of back cover)

3517 AMERICAN VOWELS (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 248)

3518 PUNS Richard Lederer in the introduction to his Get Thee to a Punnery said that puns are “a three-ring circus of words: words clowning, words teetering on tightropes, words swinging from tent-tops, words thrusting their heads into the mouth of lions.” Tony Tanner said that a pun is like an adulterous bed in which two meanings that should be separated are coupled together. (Nilsen & Nilsen 181)

3519 Debra Fried defined puns as “the weird accidents, amazing flukes and lucky hits that the one-armed bandit of language dishes up….” This last example is a case of once-removed personification, since a “one-armed bandit” is itself a personified reference to a gambling machine. (Nilsen & Nilsen 181)

3520 SIGN LANGUAGE ARTICULATION

3521 SIGN LANGUAGE (Klima and Belugi 42) (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] )

3522

3523

3524 SILENT CONSONANTS For each of the following words with a silent consonant, think of a related word in which the consonant is pronounced. This is not possible for all words. autumn, bough, corps, debt, ghost, gnaw, hole, island, knot, lamb, mnemonic, pneumonia, psychology, pterodacty, resign, sword, write (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 224)

3525 SPELLING OF LONG VOWELS Short vowel sounds are easy to spell in English: “bit,” “bet,” “bat,” “but,” “bot” (a horse fly) But long vowels in English are chaotic in their spelling. We might add a “silent” e, or write more than one vowel letter, etc. Furthermore, our sound system has changed drastically, but our writing system has not, so on first blush, the English spelling system appears to be chaotic.

3526 spelling inconsistencies I take it you already know of tough and bough and cough and dough? Some may stumble, but not you, On hiccough, thorough, slough and through. So now you are ready, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?

3527 Beware of heard, a dreadful word That looks like beard and sounds like bird. And dead, it’s said like bed, not bead; For goodness’ sake, don’t call it deed! Watch out for meat and great and threat. (They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.) A moth is not a moth in mother, Nor both in bother, broth in brother. (Bolinger 480) (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 253)

3528 “THE WALRUS AND THE CARPENTER” by Lewis Carroll Write the following in phonetic script: The time has come the walrus said to talk of many things, Of shoes and ships and seeling wax, of cabbages and kings, and why the sea is boiling hot, and whether pigs have wings. (Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2007] 251)

3529 SIMILARITY THEORY In this series of jokes, the puns of the first joke represents total similarity (or identity), and the puns in each joke from then on becomes less and less similar. In the last joke, the punning words are so dissimilar that it is a stretch to figure them out at all.

3530 FORM-MEANING CORRESPONDENCES Antonyms (woman-man) Heteronyms (bow-bow) Homographs (bank-bank [NOTE: These are also Homophones) Homonoids (sex and violins = saxon violence) Homonyms (to-too-two) Hyponyms (metaphor-metaphor) Metanalysis (un naperon => an apron) Polysemes (ring-ring) Synonyms (dog-hound)

3531 IDENTITY Jorge Borges wrote a parody of Cervantes's Don Quixote. The parody used all of the same words, the same phrases and the same sentences as were in Cervantes’s original. Borges claimed that his parody was much richer than the original because it contained all of the meaning of the original, plus it had all of the meaning of the parody. In addition, the parody had the benefit of many years of literary criticism to add to its richness.

3532 POLYSEMY POLYSEMY: When a single word has two different senses. Q: What did one tonsil say to the other? A: You'd better get dressed. The doctor's taking us out tonight.

3533 HOMOGRAPHY HOMOGRAPHY: When two different words are pronounced and spelled the same. Q: Why can't the leopard escape from the zoo? A: Because he is always spotted.

3534 !HOMOPHONY HOMOPHONY: When two different words are pronounced the same but are spelled differently: Q: What's black and white and red/read all over? A: A newspaper.

35 !!HOMONOIDISM HOMONOIDISM: When words are similar but not the same in sound and spelling: 1st: Knock Knock 2nd: Who's there? 1st: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians 2nd: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians who? 1st: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians no lies.

3536 !!!METANALYSIS METANALYSIS: An inaccurate understanding of where one word or phrase ends and the next one begins Q: Why does a Frenchman have only one egg for breakfast? A: Because one egg is an oeuf.

3537 Phonetics Web Site: Kleptomaniac (Johnny Carson & JackWebb):

3538 References: Bolinger, Dwight. Aspects of Language, Second Edition. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Callary, Edward. “Phonetics.” in Language: Readings in Language and Culture, Sixth Edition. Eds. Virginia Clark, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. New York, NY: Bedford, St. Martins, 1998, Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark. New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin’s, Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. “Phonetics: The Sounds of Language. An Introduction to Language, 9th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2011,

3539 Have, Paul ten. Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide. London, England: Sage, Klima, Edward, and Ursula Belugi. Sign Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. “Dialect Humor.” Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000, Nilsen, Don L. F. “English Spelling as a Morphophonemic System: A Sociolinguistic Perspective.” Wisconsin English Journal 33.2 (1991): Nilsen, Don L. F., and Alleen Pace Nilsen. Pronunciation Contrasts in English, 2 nd Edition. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press 2010.