1. English Pronunciation: phonetics Talib Sherwani Assistant Lecturer Email: talib.omer@soran.edu.iqtalib.omer@soran.edu.iq November 12, 2015 1

2. Outline Consonant plosives Affricatives Aspiration Nasal Laterals Approximants 2

3. Plosive Plosives: are sounds in which there is a competed closure in the mouth so that the air is blocked for a while and then released with a small burst of sound called explosion. Like, /p, b/ as in park, bake or alveolar like, / t, d, / dark, or velar/k, g/. 3

4. Plosive Bilabial /p, b, /. p, is voiceless, b voiced, for example, bird, abandon -Alveolar / t, d /. t, is voiceless, e.g,tea while d is voiced -Velars,/ g/. 4

5. Plosive Consider group A is ( p, t, k) and group B is( b, l, g) 5

6. Affricatives Affricatives: are a combination of a plosive and fricative. They begin like a plosive with a complete closure but instead of burst, they are very slow to release air. such as / tʃ/ as in chin, rich and /dʒ/ as in gin, ridge. 6

7. Aspiration: Aspiration: is a small puff of air escapes through the vocal fold after the release of air that is transcribed 'ch' / tʃ/. Rules of aspiration: 1-voiceless plosive + a vowel as pen. /p/ as in pen /p h en/. 7

8. Nasal Nasal: resemble plosive, it is a complete closure in the mouth as the soft palate is lowered the air can escape through the nasal cavity. The air escapes through the nose and is stopped in the mouth. types of nasals: /m/ men, is bilabial /n/ nature, is alveolar / ŋ/ ring, reading, is velar 8

9. Semi vowels /w/ we /j/ university, yes. 9

10. Laterals Laterals: are sounds where the air escapes arouse the sides of the tongue. There is one lateral in English is / l/ a voiced alveolar and it occurs in two versions the so- called '' clear /l/ before vowel like light, long. And the ''dark l'' in other case like milk, and ball. Clear, ''l'' with top of the tongue raised, whereas for a dark 'l' is a back of the tongue raised. 10

11. Approximants Approximants: are sounds where the tongue only approaches the roof of the mouth so that there is no enough obstruction to create any friction. English has three and all of them voiced. /r/ is post –alveolar like brown, read. /j/ is a palatal approximant like use, youth. /w/ is velar approximant like, why, twin. 11

12. Vowels: Pure vowels: /i/, sit, ill, big, /i:/ as in seat, meet, feet, /e/ head, peg, egg, beck /a/ cat, sat, 12

13. Vowels: Pure vowels : /a:/ cart, father, / u/ book, look, good /u:/ moon, school, spoon, / o/ long, hot, doctor, holiday, wash, / o:/ short, board, born, 10-/ ɜ:/ burn, bird, her. 13

14. Activity Q- Choose the most correct word to the given sounds. 1-/I:/ baby, boy, fleece, bird. 2- /a/ fact, sad, car, far, car 3- /e/ head, bird, best, aim, her. 4- /u/ school, spoon, good, luck. 5- / o/ wash, bush, look, low 14

15. Ends & Thanks Any questions and Comments ? 15

16. References Roach, Petter (2000) Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/schw a/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/schw a/ 16