2. PHONETICS
They spell it "da Vinci" and pronounce it "da Vinchy". Foreigners always spell better than they pronounce. (Mark Twain)

3. The Beauty of English Phonetics
I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough? Others may stumble, but not you On hiccough, thorough, slough, and through. Well don't! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps. Beware of heard, a dreadful word That looks like beard but sounds like bird. And dead: it's said like bed, not bead, For goodness sake don't call it deed! Watch out for meat and great and threat (They rhyme with suite and straight and debt). A moth is not a moth as in mother Nor both as in bother, nor broth as in brother, And here is not a match for there, Nor dear and fear, for bear and pear. And then there's dose and rose and lose-- Just look them up--and goose and choose And cork and work and card and ward And font and front and word and sword And do and go, then thwart and cart, Come, come! I've hardly made a start. A dreadful Language? Why man alive! I learned to talk it when I was five. And yet to write it, the more I tried, I hadn't learned it at fifty-five.

4. How to identify sounds?
Linguists transcribe the sounds of languages with a special alphabet that represents sounds as they actually are, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA.) The IPA was suggested by the British linguist Henry Sweet ( ), who became a prototype for Whom?

5. International Phonetic Alphabet
CONSONANT
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
[p]
stop-plosive consonant, unvoiced
as in pet
[b]
stop-plosive consonant, voiced
as in bet
[t]
as in ten
[d]
as in den
[k]
as in kit
[g]
as in give
[m]
nasal consonant
as in me
[n]
as in neat
nasal consonant (eng)
as in hung
[f]
fricative consonant, unvoiced
as in feet
[v]
fricative consonant, voiced
as in vain
[Θ]
as in think
as in then
CONSONANT
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
[s]
fricative consonant, unvoiced
as in sea
[z]
fricative consonant, voiced
as in zip
fricative consonant, unvoiced (esh)
as in she
as in azure
[h]
as in heat
[l]
lateral consonant
as in lift
[r]
glide
as in rose
[j]
glide (yot)
as in yes
[w]
glide, voiced
as in were
[hw]
glide, unvoiced
as in when
combination consonant, unvoiced
as in chill
combination consonant, voiced
as in jet

6. Where Are Sounds Formed?

7. IPA Vowels Vowels are determined by 3 parameters:
Height, frontness, and roundedness.
Vowel Shift

8. Consonants Consonants have 3 main distinctive features:
Voicing or the lack of voice in their production: compare b and p;
The place of articulation (where in the mouth they are actually produced): compare b and g;
The manner of articulation (such as stop or nasal hum): compare b and n.
Development of American Pronunciation

9. Dialect Coach

11. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
 (1785–1863)
 (1786–1859)

12. Grimm’s Law: Why Is It Important?
Established that the Germanic languages are part of Indo-European.
Described the correspondences between Germanic consonants and consonants in Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit.
Described the development of English and other Germanic languages from Old Germanic languages showing the gradual changes that languages undergo, especially sound changes in consonants.
“B” in “doubt”: why?

13. Examples of Grimm’s Law
/p/ in the beginning of Indo-European words turned into /f/ in Germanic languages
/t/ in the beginning of Indo-European words turned into /th/ in Germanic languages
/h/ in the beginning of Indo-European words turned into /k/ in Germanic languages
Pur (I/E)- pyr (Latin/Greek) fire Pitr (I/E) - pater (L/G) - father Treyes (I/E) -trios (L/G)- three Tonuh (I/E) -tonate (L/G)- thunder Korn (I/E) -cornu (L/G) -horn Kerd (I/E) -cordis (L/G) -heart

14. Phonemes and Allophones
Phonemes: Make a distinction in meaning
Allophones: Merely sound variations
What is the difference in :
sheep/ship, tall/toll, or pool/pull ? They all sound the same to me!