Pluperfect and Future Perfect

Sequence of Tenses In Latin, there are six main verb tenses. They are, in order of time: 1. Pluperfect 2. Perfect 3. Imperfect 4. Present 5. Future 6. Future Perfect

Review The tenses we have seen so far are the present, perfect, imperfect, and future. Present refers to an event that is currently happening. Perfect refers to a completed past action. For example, “Ego ambulavi” would translate as “I walked, I have walked and I did walk” Imperfect refers to an incomplete or ongoing action in the past. There is no specific number of times mentioned. For example: “Ego ambulabam” would translate as “I was walking” Future, obviously, refers to a future event. “Ego ambulabo” would translate as “I will walk.”

Pluperfect The pluperfect is the farthest back in time that we can go. Whereas perfect translated as something that HAS finished, pluperfect translates as “HAD finished.” English example: I had already left when they arrived. The action of you leaving occurred before their arrival. It is even farther back than the arriving.

Forms To form the pluperfect you must do the following: Find the third principal part of the verb, just like you would with perfect. This is the “ego” form of the perfect tense. Then, add the forms of esse in the imperfect. Eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

Forms pars secunda AUDIRE Third principal part AUDIV- Now, add the endings of esse in the imperfect: Audiveram Audiveras Audiverat Audiveramus Audiveratis Audiverant

Practica 1. Ego (sedere) 2. Tu (ducere) 3. Nos (ferre) 4. Ei (cogitare) 5. Vos (dare)

Future Perfect The future perfect is basically the opposite of the pluperfect; you can not go farther into the future! In English, we don’t use this tense often, as it is a slightly awkward translation. The future perfect translates to “Will have ____ed” I will have walked, they will have left. English example: By the time they get here, we will have already left.

Forms Just like all perfect tenses, you need the 3rd principal part to start. Drop the “I” from the 3rd principal part and add the future forms of the verb “esse” Ero, eris erit, erimus, eritis, erint

Audire Ego  AudivERO Tu  AudivERIS Is/Ea/Id  Audiverit Nos  Audiverimus Vos  Audiveritis Ei/Eae/Ea- Audiverint* *the future tense of esse in the third personal plural is usually “erunt” but here, it is changed to “erint”

Practica 1. Nos (manere) 2. Tu (docere) 3. Vos (habere) 4. Ei (potare) 5. Ego (ambulare)