A Brothers’ War: The Upper South By Josée Campbell and Kaitlin Gibbs

 I. Fort Sumter attack  A. Lincoln called 75,000 state militia to put down an insurrection for 90 days  II. War fever  III. Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Arkansas  A. Tied to lower Southern culture and ideology  B. Joined the Confederacy The Conflict Takes Shape

 I. Harpers Ferry  A. U.S. army garrison of 47 men set fire to arsenal and armory  B. Virginians tried to salvage much of the rifle-making machinery from destruction  II. Gosport Navy Yard  A. Virginia militia entrained for Norfolk to seize Gosport Navy Yard  B. Due to confusion of orders, the commander decided to destroy it  III. Secession sentiment was strong in Maryland  A. Baltimore mob attacked several companies of the 6 th Massachusetts Regiment The First Clashes

 I. Maryland  A. Remained a divided state  B. 35,000 white men (and 9000 blacks) fought in the Union army and navy  C. 20,000 went South to fight for the Confederacy  II. Delaware  A. Slavery virtually ceased to exist there  B. 10,000 white men and 1,000 blacks fought for Union army and navy  C. No more than 1,000 men fought for the Confederacy The Eastern Border States: Maryland and Delaware

 I. Kentucky  A. “A brothers’ war”  B. Tried to remain neutral  C. “State Guards” versus “Home Guards”  D. Confederacy troops marched into Kentucky first  1. Kentucky Unionists considered them “invaders”  E. Officially remained in the Union  1. However, held a secession convention and “joined” the Confederacy  II. Missouri  A. Claiborne Jackson (governor) placed Missouri into Confederacy before Unionist elements could even organize  B. Hessian mobs  people died (2 were soldiers) The Western Border States: Kentucky and Missouri

 C. Lyon declares war upon former Governor Sterling Price (Unionist from Missouri)  D. Lyon’s surprise attack on Confederate camp at Wilson’s Creek  1. General Franz Sigel - 1,200 men attack Confederates from the rear  2. Lyon – 4,200 men attack from the front  E. Lyon was shot and his men ran out of ammunition, they retreated  F. Confederates won  G. Fremont (Commander of the Union’s Western Department) issued an order that would put the whole state under martial law  H. Lincoln tells Fremont to modify his proclamation  I. Civil War  1. 80,000 white Missourians (and 8,000 blacks) served in Union armies  2. 30,000 joined Confederates  3. 3,000 fought as Southern guerrillas (Cont.) The Western Border States: Kentucky and Missouri

 I. Importance  A. Baltimore, Ohio Railroad, and Ohio River ran through it for 200 miles  II. Confederates struck first by cutting the railroad west of Harpers Ferry in 1861  II. Who was in charge?  A. General George B. McClellan - in charge of 20,000 troops to drive out the Confederates  B. General Robert Garnett – in charge of Confederate troops  III. General William S. Rosecrans worked with McClellan  A. Battle Plan – have Rosecrans troop circle behind, while McClellan’s troops fought in front West Virginia

 IV. Robert E. Lee managed the troops after Garnett died  A. Generals John Floyd and Henry Wise took charge of some troops but fought constantly  B. Jefferson Davis fixed this by sending Wise to Richmond  V. The Union won WV and the railroad  VI. VA seceded from Union and many delegates wanted to secede from VA  A – people met to create their own state (Kanawha later became WV)  B – WV officially became a state with slavery abolished (Cont.) West Virginia

 I. Lincoln wanted to restore East TN to Union through a Unionist uprising  A. Invasion through Cumberland Gap from KT under General George H. Thomas  B. General Don Carols Buell canceled Thomas’s invasion  C. Roads were bad, mountains rugged, and winter coming (failed)  II. Administration pressured Buell into the continuation of the invasion led by Thomas into winter  III. General George Crittenden and General Felix Zollicoffer surprised Thomas at Logan’s Cross Roads  A. However, Thomas won East Tennessee

 IV. Confederate States  A. Tennessee remained Confederate  B. Virginia, North Carolina, and Arkansas became Confederate  V. Union  A. The 5 border states (including West Virginia) were Union  B. Produced more food, animals, metals, and other items (Cont.) East Tennessee