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Chapter 19.1
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Confederate forces took over Federal arsenals and forts in the South. Fort Sumter guarded the entrance to South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor. President Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply federal troops holding the fort. Lincoln Faces a Crisis
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Present day Fort Sumter
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The Fighting Begins Confederate forces fired on the federal troops at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Federal troops at the fort surrendered after 34 hours of bombardment. Lincoln declared the South to be in rebellion and requested state governors to supply 75,000 militiamen to help put down the revolt. Lincoln Faces a Crisis
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All free northern states remained loyal to the Union. Joining the Confederacy The southern states that had not seceded had to choose sides. The states of the Upper South- North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia- all joined the Confederacy soon after Lincoln’s call for troops. Choosing Sides
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Arkansas also joined the Confederacy. Upper South provided the Confederacy with soldiers and industrial resources. Richmond, Virginia, became the Confederacy’s capital. Choosing Sides
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The Border States Four slave states that bordered the North- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri- remained in the Union. Kentucky and Missouri controlled key stretches of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; Maryland enclosed much of the federal capital of Washington D.C. Choosing Sides
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People in Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri were deeply divided over secession despite choosing to stay in the Union. People in western Virginia remained loyal to the Union and created their own government; the new state of West Virginia joined the Union in 1863. The Border States
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In both the Confederacy and Union, thousands of volunteers joined the army. In the border states, family members often joined opposing sides in the war. The Volunteer Spirit
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Civilians Raised money, helped soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to earn a medical license, was instrumental in the creation of the US Sanitary Comission in 1861. The Commission sent supplies, and food to Union camps and hospitals. The Volunteer Spirit
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Northern Advantages Had a much larger population, which provided more soldiers Had most of the nation’s factories and shipyards and a better railway network Able to raise more money to pay for the costs of war The North versus the South
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Southern Advantages Had many skilled officers and a strong military tradition Needed only to defend its territory; the North had to conquer enemy territory The North versus the South
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Union Military Strategy Union general Winfield Scott developed the Union’s two-part strategy: destroy the South’s economy with a naval blockade of southern seaports and divide the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River. Other northern leaders also wanted to attack Richmond, the Confederate capital. The North versus the South
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Anaconda Plan
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Southern Strategy Defend the Confederacy’s territory and wear down the Union’s will to fight Capture Washington, D.C., the federal capital Win foreign allies through cotton diplomacy- based on Great Britain and others offering support because their textile industries relied on American cotton Failed when Britain turned to other sources of cotton, such as Egypt and India The North versus the South
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