Today, I will learn… Today, I will learn… – America’s (foreign) policy of containing communism. I will learn it by… I will learn it by… – Cornell Notes and paying attention I have learned it when I can… I have learned it when I can… – Create a Frayer Model of the word ‘Containment’

Essential Question How did the United States go about containing the spread of Communism? How did the United States go about containing the spread of Communism?

Soviet Aggression Between 1918 and 1920 communists defeated anti- communists in Russia. Between 1918 and 1920 communists defeated anti- communists in Russia.

Soviet Aggression In 1922, the communists created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union). In 1922, the communists created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union).

Soviet Aggression European countries and the United States feared that communist expansion threatened established government particularly democracy and freedom. European countries and the United States feared that communist expansion threatened established government particularly democracy and freedom. Following World War II, communists sought to take over Greece and establish an airbase in Turkey. Following World War II, communists sought to take over Greece and establish an airbase in Turkey.

Principles of Containment Soviet behavior? Why?Soviet behavior? Why? George Kennan, U.S. Diplomat in Moscow, wrote the “Long Letter”George Kennan, U.S. Diplomat in Moscow, wrote the “Long Letter” Russia’s insecurity and fear of the West – reason why it would be impossible to reach agreement with Russia.Russia’s insecurity and fear of the West – reason why it would be impossible to reach agreement with Russia.

Principles of Containment Kennan proposes containment (keeping communism within its present territory through diplomatic, economic, and military actions). Kennan proposes containment (keeping communism within its present territory through diplomatic, economic, and military actions).

Principles of Containment Truman Doctrine (Mar 1947) Truman Doctrine (Mar 1947) – United States will give economic and military support (aid) to countries fighting communism. – Requests $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to fight Soviet aggression.

Principles of Containment Truman Doctrine (Mar 1947) Truman Doctrine (Mar 1947) – Truman believed that the United States should support “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” – This principle guided American foreign policy for many years.

Marshall Plan (1947) Marshall Plan (1947) – a.k.a. European Recovery Plan – Proposed by Sec. of State, George C. Marshall, former army Chief of Staff during WWII. Principles of Containment

Marshall Plan (June 1947) Marshall Plan (June 1947) – U.S. aid to Europe to help rebuild after WWII; provided $13 billion in grants and loans. – Increased trade between the United States and European nations. – Huge factor in reviving the European economies and stabilizing governments (thus preventing the expansion of communism). – Marshall received the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize for the plan. Principles of Containment

Why provide aid to Europe? Why provide aid to Europe? – To prevent European nations from fall into communism. Discussion Question

Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947

The Berlin Crisis Partitioning Germany Partitioning Germany – Divided by Allies into four sectors resulted in Berlin being a divided city within the Soviet sector.

American, English, & French sectors united into West Germany (1948) American, English, & French sectors united into West Germany (1948) In response, Soviets block all road and rail traffic into East Germany. In response, Soviets block all road and rail traffic into East Germany. The Berlin Crisis

Berlin Airlift – eleven months of food, medicine, and coal to West Berlin. Berlin Airlift – eleven months of food, medicine, and coal to West Berlin.

During the Berlin Airlift, planes bringing food and other supplies to West Berlin landed every three minutes for eleven months.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) – Nine Western European nations, the United States, Canada, and Iceland formed a military alliance and pledge to defend the other in the event of an outside attack. New Alliances

Warsaw Pact (1955) Warsaw Pact (1955) – Soviet Union responded by forming its own military alliance. – It included USSR & seven Eastern Europe satellites. New Alliances

Why was NATO created? Why was NATO created? – It was created by 12 countries, including the United States, and several Western European countries, as a mutual defense alliance in order to help maintain peace in Europe. Discussion Question

Nationalist and Communist forces battle in a civil war for control over China – Communists win creating the People’s Republic of China. Nationalist and Communist forces battle in a civil war for control over China – Communists win creating the People’s Republic of China. China and USSR sign a treaty of friendship and alliance in China and USSR sign a treaty of friendship and alliance in The Cold War Spreads East

US keeps Communist China out of the UN, but allows Taiwan to stay. US keeps Communist China out of the UN, but allows Taiwan to stay. US sees Japan, not China, as its ally in defending Asia from communism. US sees Japan, not China, as its ally in defending Asia from communism.

What two events heightened American concerns about the Cold War? What two events heightened American concerns about the Cold War? – Soviet Union successful test of an atomic bomb. – Communist forces taking control of China. Discussion Question