How do we classify consonants? How do we make vowels? Prof A. Elhaloui

Pharyngeal voiceless ћ ع Pharynx voiced

φ g η m p n b k x v β f P M V labiodental bilabial bilabial alveolar velar M φ g η m p n b k x v β f oral fricative oral stop nasal stop oral stop V voiceless voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiced

voiced voiced voiced lateral Bi-labial Labiodental Inter-dental alveolar Alveopalatal palatal velar glottal pharyngeal Oral stop P b t d k g ʔ Nasal Fricative m φ β f v θ ð n š Ž ñ X h ћ ʕ Affricate č Ĵ Liquid glide l r j w ʍ voiceless voiced labial anterior coronals voiceless voiced voiceless voiced lateral Non-lateral

How do we produce vowels? By raising or lowering the tongue By retracting or advancing the tongue By spreading or rounding the lips By tensing or untensing the mouth

What about diphthongs? How are they produced?