1. Speech 1 Sept 11, 2017 – DAY 6 Brain & Language
LING
NSCI
Harry Howard
Tulane University

2. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Course organization
Fun with
I'm slowly getting everyone enrolled.

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Computer hygiene
I edit the online book constantly, so you should refresh your browser every now and then.
Restart your computer every now and then!!!

4. Change in organization
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Change in organization
Old
New
Background
Introduction to the course
The fields of linguistics
The macrostructure of the brain
Speech
Sound
Speech sounds and their articulation
Auditory transduction
Subcortical audition
The auditory cortex
The superior temporal sulcus
Wernicke’s aphasia
Leftovers
The microstructure of the brain
Methodologies
Background
Introduction to the course
My philosophy of teaching
The fields of linguistics
Sound
Speech sounds and their articulation
The extended ascending auditory pathway
Perception
Auditory transduction
The microstructure of the brain (neurons)
Subcortical audition
The macrostructure of the brain (cortex)
The auditory cortex
The superior temporal sulcus
Wernicke’s aphasia

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Review
The quiz was the review.

6. Speech sounds and their articulation
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Speech sounds and their articulation

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
vowels

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Vowel inventory
How many vowels are there in (American) English?
If you said five, i.e. ‘i, e, a, o, u’, I invite you pronounce the following words:
‘beat, bit, bait, bet, bat, but, cot, bought, boat, book, boot’
Now how many vowels do you think there are in (American) English?

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Tongue height
Put your hand under your jaw and say the vowel of ‘beat, bit, bait, bet, bat, cot’. What does your jaw do?
Now try the sequence in reverse. Put your hand under your jaw and say the vowel of ‘cot, bat, bet, bait, bit, beat’. What does your jaw do?
Put your hand under your jaw and say the vowel of ‘boot, book, boat, bought, cot’. What does your jaw do?
Now try the sequence in reverse. Put your hand under your jaw and say the vowel of ‘cot, bought, boat, book, boot’. What does your jaw do?

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Vowel articulation
Tongue height: high, mid, low
Tongue advancement: front, central, back
Lip configuration: retracted, neutral, rounded

11. (American) English vowel space
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
(American) English vowel space
[i] 'beet'
[ɪ] 'bit'
[e] 'bait'
[ɛ] 'bet'
[æ] 'bat'
[a] 'cot'
[ʌ] 'but'
[ə] 'comma'
[ɔ] 'bought'
[o] 'boat'
[ʊ] 'book'
[u] 'boot'
Front
Central
Back
High i ɪ u ʊ
Mid e ɛ
ʌ, ə o ɔ
Low æ a
Retracted
Neutral
Rounded
use Lucida Grande font

12. The three buccal cavities, articulating [i] and [a]
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
The three buccal cavities, articulating [i] and [a]

13. Vowels of English in [b__d]
[i, ɪ, eɪ, ɛ, æ]
F2 corresponds to advancement
F1 corresponds inversely to height
bigvs.jpg
[ɑ, ɔ, o, ʊ, u]
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Formants
This difference produces a marked contrast in the frequencies that resonate in these cavities, as shown by the schematic plots of frequency over time in the next figure.
Such enhanced frequencies, known as formants, carry the acoustic information that allows us to distinguish [i] from [a], as well as most other speech sounds. Roughly speaking,
the resonance of all three cavities together produces the lowest or first formant,
the resonance of the pharyngeal & oral cavities produces the second format,
and the resonance of the labiodental cavity produces the third formant (Loritz 1999:96).
We hedge with “roughly” because the pharyngeal cavity can take on special resonance properties, and the labiodental cavity can combine with the oral cavity; see Ladefoged (1996:123ff) for more detailed discussion.

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Schematic spectrograms of the lowest three resonant frequencies (formants) of [i] and [a]

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
consonants

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Consonants
What is a consonant?
A consonant is described by its articulatory features
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing
Two-port model of consonant articulation (Fig. 5.1)

18. Place of articulation From front to back
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Place of articulation From front to back
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental /dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Place of articulation

20. Manner of articulation Organized in terms of decreasing constriction
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Manner of articulation Organized in terms of decreasing constriction
Stop
Nasal
Affricate
Liquid
Fricative
Glide/semi-vowel

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Voicing
Minimal pairs

22. (American) English consonants paired by voicing: voiceless ~ voiced
Place/
Manner
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Inter-dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Stop
p b
t d
k g ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricate
ʧ ʤ
Fricative
f v
θ ð
s z
ʃ ʒ h
Liquid
l,ɹ
Glide w j
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

23. Spectrograms of the fricatives in [u_a]
Top row, left to right:
f, θ, s, ʃ
Bottom row, left to right:
v, ð, z, ʒ
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

24. Articulation vs. acoustics
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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Articulation vs. acoustics
[s] and [ʃ]
They are by far the loudest fricatives.
The darkest part of [s] noise is off the top of the spectrograms, even though these spectrograms have a greater frequency range than the others on this page. [s] is centered (darkest) above 8000 Hz.
[ʃ], while almost as dark, has most of its energy concentrated in the F3-F4 range.
Often, [s] will have noise at all frequencies, where, as here, the noise for [ʃ] seems to drop off drastically below the peak (i.e. there's sometimes no noise below 1500 or 2000 Hz.)
[z] and [ʒ]
are distinguished from their voiceless counterparts by
a) lesser amplitude of frication,
b) shorter duration of frication and
c) a voicing bar across the bottom.

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Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
NEXT TIME
Finish up "Speech"