Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones Articulations Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones

Joint Classification Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Syndesmoses Functional Name Structural Name Movement Example Description Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Syndesmoses Interosseous membrane Sutures skull Gomphoses Teeth to jaw Amphiarthroses Cartilaginous (hyaline, fibrocartilage) Slightly movable Synchrondosis Ribs, epiphyseal plate Symphyses Pubis, vertebral discs Diarthroses Synovial Freely movable Uniaxial Hinge, pivot Biaxial Saddle, ellipsoidal Multiaxial Ball and socket, gliding

Synarthroses Fibrous Joints

Amphiarthoses Cartilaginous

Diarthroses Synovial Most numerous Most complex Structures joint capsule sleevelike encasing around bone ends to bind them together synovial membrane membrane lining capsule to secrete synovial fluid bursae cushions joints and helps tendons move joint cavity small space between bones articular cartilage hyaline cartilage covering bone ends menisci pads of fibrocartilage between bones Ligaments strong, dense, white fibrous tissue that hold bones firmly together bursae

Knee Joint (Hyaline cartilage) (fibrocartilage)

Ankle Joint Anterior interior tibiofibular ligament Achilles tendon (cut)

Types of Joints ellipsoidal

Uniaxial Joints permits movement around one axis and one plane projection of one bone articulating with a ring/notch of another bone examples - between vertebrate allows only flexion and extension examples – elbow, knee knee joint largest joint, most complex, most frequently injured

Biaxial Joints permits movement around two perpendicular axes and planes Example thumb only saddle joint in the body condyle fits into an elliptical socket Example between radius and carpals ellipsoidal

Multiaxial Joints permits movement around three or more axes and planes most moveable joints ball shaped head fits into concave depression example - shoulder, hip humeroscapular joint most mobile joint sacroiliac joint hip joint relatively flat articulating surface that allows gliding movement least mobile of synovial joints example between carpals between tarsals between vertebrae

Multiaxial Ball and socket

Multiaxial Ball and socket

Multiaxial Gliding

Uniaxial Hinge

ROM (Range of Motion) Goniometer Used to determine extent of injury and progress of rehabilitation measures range of motion (degree of angle)

Angular ROM flexion – decreases angle, movement towards body extension – increase angle, movement away from body hyperextension – stretching or extending beyond anatomical position plantar flexion – increase angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down) dorsiflexion – decrease angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up) ABduction – move AWAY from medial plane ADduction – move TOWARDS medial plane

Circular ROM rotation – pivoting a bone on its axis circumduction – distal end of a body part moves in a circle supination – hand palm side up pronation – hand palm side down

Special Movements inversion – turn sole outward eversion – turn sole inward protraction – move part forward retraction – move part backward elevation – move part up depression – move part down