1. Articulations (Joints)
Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones
(Joints)

2. Joint Classification Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Syndesmoses
Functional Name
Structural Name
Movement
Example
Description
Synarthroses
Fibrous
Immovable
Syndesmoses
ligaments
Sutures
skull
Gomphoses
Teeth to jaw
Amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous
(hyaline, fibrocartilage)
Slightly movable
Synchrondosis
Ribs, epiphyseal plate
Symphyses
Pubis, vertebral discs
Diarthroses
Synovial
Freely movable
Uniaxial
Hinge, pivot
Biaxial
Saddle, ellipsoidal
Multiaxial
Ball and socket, gliding

3. Synarthroses Fibrous Joints

4. Amphiarthoses Cartilaginous

5. Diarthroses Synovial Most numerous Most complex Structures
joint capsule
sleevelike encasing around bone ends to bind them together
synovial membrane
membrane lining capsule to secrete synovial fluid
bursae
cushions joints and helps tendons move
joint cavity
small space between bones
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
menisci
pads of fibrocartilage between bones
Ligaments
strong, dense, white fibrous tissue that hold bones firmly together
bursae

6. Types of Joints
ellipsoidal

7. Uniaxial Joints permits movement around one axis and one plane
projection of one bone articulating with a ring/notch of another bone
examples - between vertebrate
allows only flexion and extension
examples – elbow, knee
knee joint
largest joint, most complex, most frequently injured

8. Biaxial Joints permits movement around two perpendicular axes and planes
Example
thumb
only saddle joint in the body
condyle fits into an elliptical socket
Example
between radius and carpals
ellipsoidal

9. Multiaxial Joints permits movement around three or more axes and planes
most moveable joints
ball shaped head fits into concave depression
example - shoulder, hip
humeroscapular joint
most mobile joint
sacroiliac joint
hip joint
relatively flat articulating surface that allows gliding movement
example
between carpals
between tarsals
between vertebrate

10. Multiaxial
Ball and socket

11. Multiaxial
Ball and socket
Multiaxial
Ball and socket

12. Herniated Discs
Multiaxial
Ball and socket
Multiaxial
Gliding

13. Multiaxial
Ball and socket
Uniaxial
Hinge

15. Meniscus
Normal
Tear of medial meniscus

16. ROM (Range of Motion) __________________
Used to determine extent of injury and progress of rehabilitation
measures range of motion (degree of angle)

17. ____________ ROM flexion – decreases angle, movement towards body
extension – increase angle, movement away from body
hyperextension – stretching or extending beyond anatomical position
plantar flexion – increase angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up/flex)
dorsiflexion – decrease angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down)
ABduction – move AWAY from medial plane
ADduction – move TOWARDS medial plane

18. ____________ROM rotation – pivoting a bone on its axis
circumduction – distal end of a body part moves in a circle
supination – hand palm side up
pronation – hand palm side down

19. Special Movements inversion – turn foot inward
eversion – turn foot outward
protraction – move part forward
retraction – move part backward
elevation – move part up
depression – move part down

20. Joint Disorders _________________(NIJD) _________________(IJD)
Osteoarthritis
Tramatic Injuries
Dislocation
Meniscus tear
Sprain
Ligament tear
Herniated disc
_________________(IJD)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout

21. Joint Disorders Osteoarthritis Most ____________ NIJD
Wear and tear deterioration
Atrophy of ____________ cartilage
Formation of new _______ at joint surface
Most common in weight-bearing joints
Stiffness, pain, limited movement
Treat symptoms with NSAIDS

22. Joint Disorders ________________
Articular surfaces not in proper contact
Torn vessels, nerves, ligaments, muscles
Pain and swelling
Treat with realignment (reduction)

23. Joint Disorders Meniscus Tear One of most common athletic injuries
Swelling, pain, instability, limited motion
Treat with arthroscopic surgery

24. Joint Disorders ___________ Stretching of ligaments surrounding joint
Due to twisting motion
Hematoma, limited motion
Treatment: R.I.C.E.

25. Degree of Sprains ______ degree ankle sprain
Some stretching or perhaps tearing may have occurred
No loss of function
Mild pain, little bruising
Little or no swelling
Some joint stiffness or difficulty walking
______ degree ankle sprain
Difficulty walking
Moderate to severe pain
Swelling and tenderness in the ankle joint
Bruising may start after 3 to 4 days
most serious
Total rupture of a ligament
Walking may not be possible
Severe pain initially and substantial swelling
May require surgery

26. Joint Disorders Ligament Tears (___ degree Sprain)
Bruising, pain, swelling, instability
Physical therapy
Partial tear vs. complete tear
Partial Tear – boot/brace, crutches
Complete Tear - Surgery after most swelling subsides

27. Knee Injuries

28. ____________________ surgery
3-4 very small incisions ¼ in.
fiber-optic light source
video camera
terile saline solution is continuously pumped through the knee via a cannula

29. Video of surgery

30. Joint Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic and systemic
Inflammation of ___________ membrane
______________ destroyed, bone erosion
Progressive crippling and _____________
Pain, inflammation, decreased mobility, aching, stiffness
Treat with corticosteroid drugs and NSAIDS

31. Joint Disorders Gouty arthritis Also referred to as just _________
Excessive _______ ________ in blood
Crystals get deposited in _____________fluid
Chronic inflammation and tissue damage
Swelling, tenderness
Pin in wrists, fingers, ankles, knees, elbows
Treat with Allopurinol (inhibits uric acid synthesis)

32. Joint Disorders
NIJDC
Osteoarthritis
IJD
IJD
Gout
Rheumatoid arthritis