1. Joints

2. Fibrous joints Joints that are in close contact with one another. In the skull, these are called sutures.

3. http://www.geocities.com/akramjfr/sutural_parietal.jpg

4. Cartilaginous joints Joints that are connected by cartilage. This is seen in the vertebral column, though these joints are very limited in movement.

5. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/cartilaginous%20joint.jpg

6. Synovial joints Exhibit most movement; secrete synovial fluid (lubricates the joints) Some have menisci, which are shock absorbers. These joints also have bursae that secretes the synovial fluid.

7. http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol131/images/joints.jpg

8. Types of synovial joints A Ball-and-socket joints – has a ball of one bone that articulates with the socket of the next. The hip joint and the shoulder joint are ball-and-socket joints.

9. http://zimmer.com.au/web/enUS/images/products/surgery/shoulder_surgery1.jpg

10. B Condyloid joint - oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. These are found in the metacarpals and phlanges.

12. C Gliding joints – These allow sliding and twisting movements. They are flat or slightly curved and are found in the ankle and wrist.

13. http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/GLIDING.JPG

14. D Hinge joint – This looks like a door hinge; one joint fits into another and allows for flexing. These are like the joints of the phlanges.

15. http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/HINGE.JPG

16. E Pivot joint – This allows for rotational movement around an axis. One bone forms a ring around another bone like the ulna and the radius, or the first two cervical vertebrae.

17. http://www.mc.edu/campus/users/cboothe/carastafford2_files/image019.jpg

18. F Saddle joint – This joint is seen between one of the carpals and the metacarpal. The surface of one bone fits complementarily to another.

19. http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/SADDLE.JPG

20. Joint movements Occurs because a muscle is attached to a fixed part of the joint (origin) and to a movable part (insertion). 1 Flexion – bending parts at a joint, like bending the knee. 2 Extension – straightening parts at a joint, like straightening the knee.

21. http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/fab/images/anatomy/kneeflex.gif

22. 3 Dorsiflexion – flexing the foot at the ankle towards the shin. 4 Plantar flexion – flexing the foot at the ankle towards the sole.

23. http://www.cannock.ac.uk/sports/images/muscle_actions/palantar_dorsi.gif

24. 5 Hyperextension – excessive extension of the parts of a joint. 6 Abduction – moving a part away from midline. 7 Adduction – moving a part toward midline.

25. http://www.whiplash101.com/EMG/RearendExplanation.jpg HYPEREXTENSION

27. 8 Rotation – moving a part around an axis (shaking head) 9 Circumduction – moving a part so that it follows a circular path. 10 Pronation – turning the hand so that the palm is downward. 11 Supination – turning the hand so that the palm is turned up.

28. http://arania.kamiki.net/Ambrose/Bernice%20Head%20Rotation.jpg

29. http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/mus24.gif

30. http://www.cannock.ac.uk/sports/images/muscle_actions/supination_pronation.gif

31. 12 Eversion – turning the foot so that the sole is outward. 13 Inversion – turning the foot so that the sole is inward. 14 Retraction – moving a part backward (like the chin) 15 Protraction – moving a part forward.

32. http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/Image577.gif

33. http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/Image578.gif

34. 16 Elevation – raising a part. 17 Depression – lowering a part.

35. http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/mus8.gif