Agenda diēs Iovis, Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII HW Check: wksht. 3 / Do Now: work on sentences from wksht. #2 Review Wksht. 2 (2nd Declension Nouns) Review Worksheet 3 (Translation Practice) 2-1-2 Adjectives: Forms & Noun-Adjective Agreement Pensum: Worksheet 4 Study Vocab. List 1 (Quiz Monday) Cover books by TOMORROW Latin MS8 Mr. Finnigan Boston Latin School

Adjectives – Basics & Forms

Adjectives – Basics Just as in English, adjectives in Latin are modifiers they describe nouns

nom. sg. masc., nom. sg. fem., nom. sg. neut. – meaning/definition Forms of Adjectives Dictionary entries for Latin adjectives look like this: magnus, magna, magnum – large; great nom. sg. masc., nom. sg. fem., nom. sg. neut. – meaning/definition These adj. are called 2-1-2 adj. because they take the endings for 2nd masc., 1st fem., and 2nd neut. declensions

Forms of Adjectives Declining adjectives is just like declining nouns: Find the stem Add your endings To find the STEM of a Latin adj., go to the 2nd form (nom. sg. fem.) and drop the ending (–a)

Declining a 2-1-2 adjective… MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural

When declined fully, it should look like this: MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Singular Nom. magnus magna magnum Gen. magnī magnae Dat. magnō Acc. magnam Abl. magnā Plural magnōrum magnārum magnīs magnōs magnās

2-1-2 –ER Adjectives

2-1-2 –ER Adjectives another type of 2-1-2 adjectives is ones with –er in the nom. sg. masc. form liber, libera, liberum: free miser, misera, miserum: wretched, unfortunate, poor noster, nostra, nostrum: our, ours pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful; noble, fine sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours (cp. tuus, -a, -um)

2-1-2 –ER Adjectives these act just like ager and puer in the masculine forms some retain the –e– in the stem (like puer) liber, libera, liberum miser, misera, miserum others drop the –e– from the stem (like ager) noster, nostra, nostrum pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum sacer, sacra, sacrum vester, vestra, vestrum

2-1-2 –ER Adjectives in all other forms, they act like 2-1-2 –us, –a, –um adjectives you must memorize which ones keep/drop the –e– from the stem use derivatives to help you determine whether the e stays or go

Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural

Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum Stem: ________ MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural

Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum Stem: pulchr– MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Plural

Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum Declining a 2-1-2 –ER Adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum Stem: pulchr– MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Singular Nom. pulcher pulchra pulchrum Gen. pulchrī pulchrae Dat. pulchrō Acc. pulchram Abl. pulchrā Plural pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrīs pulchrōs pulchrās

Noun-Adjective Agreement

Noun-Adjective Agreement All adjectives MUST agree with the noun(s) they modify in THREE respects: Gender (masc., fem., neut.) Number (sg., pl.) Case (nom., gen., dat., acc., abl.) Endings do NOT have to look the same (think of 2PAINS nouns, e.g. agricolae bonī) BUT, sometimes they do

Exerceāmus! the wide field (ager, agrī, m.: field) Find the stems for both the nouns and the adjectives below and then decline them fully: the wide field (ager, agrī, m.: field) the great war (bellum, bellī, n.) the small daughter (fīlia, fīliae, f.) the good farmer

Placement of Adj. in a Sentence

Position of Adj. in a Sentence Adjectives can come before or after the noun(s) they modify In any phrase, the most significant word tends to come first for emphasis These types of adj. usually come before the word modified: Numeral adjectives (primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, etc.) Quantitative adjectives (multus/multī, paucī, etc.) Most other adjectives tend to come after the noun

Adjectives as Nouns: Substantives

Substantive Adjectives Adj. do NOT always need to modify nouns An adj. may stand on its own and be used as a noun This is called the SUBSTANTIVE use of adjectives We have these in English, but mostly in the plural/collective forms: “The land of the free and the home of the brave.” “Give me your tired, your poor…” “Only the good die young.”

Substantive Adjectives Adj. do NOT always need to modify nouns An adj. may stand on its own and be used as a noun This is called the SUBSTANTIVE use of adjectives How to Translate? According to the gender and number bonus: a good man – bonī: good men/people bona: a good woman* – bonae: good women bonum: a good thing – bona: good things*

Substantive Adjectives Translate the following: fera (2 ways) bonōrum (2 ways) malī (2 ways) multa bonae parvīs (3 ways)