1. Agenda diēs Lunae, a.d. iv Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: syllabus/policies, signed
Review of Pronouns: Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Reflexive, Interrogative
Substantive Adjectives
Review of Syntax 1: Uses of the Accusative Case
Practice with Review Topics
Pensum:
Binder 1 due tomorrow (divided into sections on syllabus)
Complete Review Worksheet #1
Study Vocab. List 1
Latin Prose
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Pronouns & Adjectives Review
pronouns are little words that take the place of nouns
there are several different types of pronouns:
personal (ego/nōs; tu/vos)
reflexive (suī, sibi, sē, sē)
demonstrative (hic; ille; is; ipse)
relative (quī, quae, quod)
interrogative (quis, quid)
indefinite (aliquis, aliquid; quīdam; quisque; quisquam)
most of these pronouns also have an adjective form that is identical or similar in form
to review forms, see pp in the grammar packet

3. Syntax of Pronouns PERSONAL PRONOUNS
nom. generally not expressed in Latin except for emphasis or to signal a subject when the verb is far away
gen. is never used to show possession; Latin uses the possessive personal adj. for this (meus, noster, tuus, vester)
in the gen. pl.
-um forms (nostrum, vestrum) are used as partitive gen.
-ī forms (nostrī, vestrī) are used as objective gen.
in the abl. of accompaniment, cum attaches to the end, e.g.:
mēcum, tēcum, nobīscum, vobīscum (not cum mē, cum tē, etc.)
there is no 3rd person personal pronoun in Latin; instead, we use the demonstrative is, ea, id

4. Syntax of Pronouns REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
exists primarily in the 3rd person (suī, sibi, sē, sē)
the SG and PL are the same in form
there is no nominative form of the reflexive pronoun
1st & 2nd person do exist; they are the same as the personal pronouns except there is no nom. form
there are also reflexive possessive adjectives (suus, -a, -um)
called reflexives because they ‘turn back’ to the subject to get their meaning
in indirect statement, reflexives refer to subject of HV
in subordinate clauses, reflexives may refer to subject of the clause or the main verb; use context to figure out which

5. Syntax of Pronouns INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
used to introduce relative clauses, which provide more information about an antecedent
agree with the antecedent in gender and number, but case is determined by its use in the relative clause
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
used to ask questions, either direct or indirect
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
they are used to point out (dēmonstrāre) something nearby in space or in the text
demonstratives become pronouns through their function as substantive adjectives

6. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.

7. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
man
Fem.
Neut.

8. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
man
men, people
Fem.
Neut.

9. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
man
men, people
Fem.
woman
Neut.

10. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
man
men, people
Fem.
woman
women
Neut.

11. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
man
men, people
Fem.
woman
women
Neut.
thing

12. Substantive Adjectives
adjectives are generally used to describe nouns
sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive
substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL
Masc.
man
men, people
Fem.
woman
women
Neut.
thing
things

13. Uses of the Accusative Case

14. Uses of the Accusative Case
DIRECT OBJECT
expresses the receiver of the action of a transitive verb
the most common use of the accusative case
SUBJECT
the subject of an infinitive is always in the accusative case, never the nom.
acc. can never be the subject of an indicative verb

15. Uses of the Accusative Case
PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
similar to the pred. nom. in that it provides more information or describes another word in the sentence
pred. nom. describes the subject nominative
pred. acc. describes the direct obj. (or subject acc. in ind. st.)
pred. acc. is used with verbs of making, naming, choosing, calling, or appointing, in the active
when these verbs appear in the passive, they take a pred. nom.
in indirect statement, also used with forms of sum

16. Uses of the Accusative Case
PLACE TO WHICH
expresses the place or end toward which an action is heading
must have a verb of motion
uses the prepositions ad, in, or sub
exceptions: the names of cities, towns, and small islands, and the nouns domum (home) and rus (country) do NOT need a prep.

17. Uses of the Accusative Case
DURATION OF TIME & EXTENT OF SPACE
these uses are related but are slightly different
both do not use a preposition
both answer the question ‘for how long?’, BUT
D.o.T. refers only to time
E.o.S. refers only to physical space

18. Uses of the Accusative Case – Practice
Caesar dīxit sē in Galliam iter factūrum esse.
Caesar omnia, quae usuī navibus erant, parāverat.
Caesar in Galliā multōs annōs bellum gerēbat.
Mīlitēs ducem imperatōrem vocābunt.
Aeneās dīxit, “Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.”
Cicero putābat Catilīnam vastāre rem publicam velle.
Catilīna intellexit Marcum Tullium cōnsulem ēlectum esse.

19. Uses of the Accusative Case – Practice
Imperātor cum omnibus copiīs in proelium maturāverat.
Dux suōs oppugnāre castra iussit.
Vir fēminaque fīlium Mārcum appellant.
Mīlia passuum XVIII murum perducunt.
Caesar arbitrātus est Pompeium malum esse.
Catilīna domum Cicerōnis īre et eum interficere voluit.