1. Agenda diēs Martis, a.d. iii Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: wksht. 1, binders
Review Worksheet 1
The Nominative Case: Subject & Predicate
2nd Declension Nouns
Accusative of Direct Object
Pensum:
Worksheet 2
Study Vocab. List 1 (Quiz Monday)
Latin MS8
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. The Nominative Case

3. Nominative Case
there are TWO uses of the nominative case: subject and predicate
SUBJECT
subject is the doer of the action or state of being in a sentence; it performs the verb
ex.:
a) Agricola in agrō est.
The farmer is in the field.
b) Perseus Medūsam interficit.
Perseus kills Medusa.

4. Subject-Verb Agreement
a subject must agree with its verb in number
SG verbs must have SG subjects
Agricola in agrō laborat.
PL verbs must have PL subjects
Agricolae in agrō laborant.
NO EXCEPTIONS!
note: two sg. subjects linked by a conjunction form a pl. subject and will have a pl. verb
Servus in agrō laborat.
Agricola et servus in agrō laborant.

5. Nominative Case PREDICATE NOMINATIVE ex.: a) Italia patria est.
a noun or adjective used with a linking verb to define or describe the subject; gives more info. about subj.
ex.:
a) Italia patria est.
Italy is a country.
b) Fēminae sunt magnae.
The women are great.

6. 2nd Declension Nouns

7. 2nd Declension Nouns
nouns of the 2nd decl. have –ī in the gen. sg. form
2nd declension nouns are either masc. or neut. in gender
exception: names of trees are feminine
if the nom. sg. ends in –us or –er, the noun is typically masculine
vir, virī, m.: man – the only 2nd decl. masc. noun with a nom. sg. ending –ir
if the nom. sg. ends in –um, the noun is neuter

8. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

9. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

10. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r
Gen. ī
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

11. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc.
Abl.

12. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc. um
Abl.

13. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc. um
Abl.

14. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r ī
Gen.
Dat. ō
Acc. um
Abl.

15. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r ī
Gen.
ōrum
Dat. ō
Acc. um
Abl.

16. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r ī
Gen.
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc. um
Abl.

17. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r ī
Gen.
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc. um ōs
Abl.

18. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r ī
Gen.
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc. um ōs
Abl.

19. 2nd Declension Masc. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. masc. nouns are:
Notice:
Dat. & Abl. are the same
Dat. & Abl. PL = Dat. & Abl. PL of 1st decl.
Case SG PL
Nom.
us/r ī
Gen.
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc. um ōs
Abl.

20. 2nd Decl. –r Stems
Some 2nd decl. masc. nouns have a nom. sg. form ending in –r
Examples:
puer, puerī, m.: boy
liber, librī, m.: book
vir, virī, m.: man*
*this is the only one that has –ir

21. 2nd Decl. –r Stems puer puerī puerōrum puerō puerīs puerum puerōs
Some, like puer, KEEP THE E in the stem
Case SG PL
Nom.
puer
puerī
Gen.
puerōrum
Dat.
puerō
puerīs
Acc.
puerum
puerōs
Abl.

22. 2nd Decl. –r Stems liber librī libōrum librō librīs librum librōs
Others, like liber, DROP THE E from the stem
Case SG PL
Nom.
liber
librī
Gen.
libōrum
Dat.
librō
librīs
Acc.
librum
librōs
Abl.

23. 2nd Decl. –r Stems
How do you remember whether to KEEP or DROP the E in the stem?
Memorize the dictionary entry!
The GEN. SG. will tell you if it keeps the E or drops it
Use derivatives! Engl. derivs. almost always follow the Latin for keeping/dropping the E
puer, puerī, m.: boy – puerile (‘boyish’) | E stays
liber, librī, m.: book – library | E drops out
ager, agrī, m.: field – agriculture | E drops out

24. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
Nouns of the 2nd decl. have –ī in the gen. sg. form
If the nom. sg. ends in –um the noun is neuter
NEUTER RULE:
Nom. & Acc. forms of neuter nouns are identical
In the plural, the nom. & acc. always end in –A

25. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

26. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

27. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um
Gen. ī
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

28. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc.
Abl.

29. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc.
Abl.

30. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc.
Abl.

31. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um a
Gen. ī
Dat. ō
Acc.
Abl.

32. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um a
Gen. ī
ōrum
Dat. ō
Acc.
Abl.

33. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um a
Gen. ī
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc.
Abl.

34. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um a
Gen. ī
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc.
Abl.

35. 2nd Declension Neut. Nouns
The endings for 2nd decl. neut. nouns are:
Case SG PL
Nom. um a
Gen. ī
ōrum
Dat. ō īs
Acc.
Abl.

36. Accusative of Direct Object

37. Accusative of Direct Object
there are many uses of the accusative, but one of the most common is the direct object
DIRECT OBJECT: the receiver of the action of a verb; it receives the action that the subject is doing
Poētās laudāmus.
We praise the poets.
Puella poetam laudat.
The girl is praising the poet.

38. Word Order in Latin Sentences
although Latin word order is variable, its sentences do generally follow a set structure
this structure is S-O-V (subject – object – verb)
e.g. Poēta carmina puellīs pulchrīs scribit.
 “The poet writes poems for pretty girls.”
Notice this is different than English, which generally has S-V-O
Latin can move nouns/adjectives (objects, prep. phrases, etc.) around because it shows their use in a sentence by changing the case endings
unlike English (generally), which depends on the order of words in a sentence for their meaning