The Industrial Revolution SR#1: What words come to mind when you hear the word industry? Define in your own words the term Industrialization. Mr. Barchetto Notes #1 (HONORS)

Before the1700’s Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Food All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm. Farmers grew just enough food to survive.(Subsistence Farmer) Surpluses might be exchanged for goods made in towns on “Market Days”. Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Essential Goods Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture, and tools, were made on the farm or in small shops in the towns and villages. Materials came from the farm or surrounding areas. Manufacturing in towns Some items were made in towns in guild shops Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a certain profession. Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth, hardware, leather goods, etc. This was known as the COTTAGE SYSTEM

Before the1700’s-“The Cottage Industry” The Good: Pro-family (keeps worker near/in home) Worker meets quota and works at own pace The Bad: Owner of raw material could not track its use (inefficient control of production) No on-site management of production Could not mass produce Not in control of equipment

Before the1700’s Population Before Industrial Revolution Less than 10% live in cities Most lived in small towns or villages in the countryside. The majority were farmers leasing small plots of land from landowners (subsistence farming). Life and community revolved around the agricultural seasons. Family Life: Before Industrialization The extended family Large families were needed to work the farms. Families often consisted of Grandparents Parents Many children (4-8 would be the average) Uncles and aunts Cousins Sons followed the father’s trade. Girls did the work of their mother, which was a housewife. Little change from generation to generation

Great Changes by the1700’s “In the 80 years between 1760 & 1840 in Great Britain, one invention led to another with a swiftness for which there is no parallel in history. The Average British person born in 1760 saw more changes in his or her lifetime than ten generations of ancestors had seen in theirs.”

How Did This Change Happen? Three major factors caused the Industrial Revolution: A New Agricultural Revolution The Population Explosion New Sources of Energy/Technology So, what is an Industrial Revolution? Major increase in output of machine-made goods.

A New Agricultural Revolution 1700’s wealthy landowners began buying up the land of village farmers. This land was then enclosed by fences or hedges…hence the name “Enclosures” Enclosures allowed experimentation & new techniques Ex. Seed Drill & Crop Rotation Ex. Breeding of Animals Two Results of New Agriculture Revolution Enclosures force small farmers to be tenant farmers or give up farming and move to the cities New Agricultural Methods…leads to farming efficiency Farming Efficiency=More Food= POPULATION EXPLOSION!!

Population Explosion

New Sources of Energy New Sources of Energy In the past, muscle power was used to do most work. Then people began to use water and wind power. In the 1700s, coal was used as a powerful source of energy Thomas Newcomen and James Watt created a steam engine Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron Henry Bessemer- The Bessemer process Why are these new forms of technology/energy significant to the Industrial Revolution? Steam Engine: (New Technology) Provided Muscle and efficiency in industry Coal: (New Energy) powered industry Iron: (New Technology) Skeleton of industry

Why Britain? England had the 4 factors for production necessary for industrialization Land/Natural Resources Labor Capital Entrepreneurs

Factor #1-Land Natural resources such as: water power and then coal to fuel new machines iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings raw materials such as cotton, hemp, wood, etc. rivers for inland transportation harbors from which merchant ships set sail

Factor #2-Labor An increase in population created a surplus of workers Enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities Unskilled laborers were needed to run the machines Middle management positions (factory managers, accountants, equipment managers)

Factor #3-Capital A strong economic and political stability in England encouraged private investment Banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations Business people invested in the manufacturing of new inventions

Factor #4-Entrepreneurs People with a vision who see a need the public will respond to People with skills and knowledge to gather the needed raw materials, recruit and organize workers, and arrange for capital and investments