Agenda diēs Mercuriī, a.d. xiii Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII HW Check: review worksheet 5 Review Independent Subjunctive Uses & Cum Clauses (Worksheet 5) Purpose Clauses Result Clauses Pensum: complete review worksheet 6 keep studying vocab. list 1 Latin Prose Mr. Finnigan Boston Latin School

Purpose Clauses there are many different ways to express purpose in Latin, but the most common is through a subordinate clause with a subjunctive verb express why or for what purpose something is done there are THREE different types of purpose clauses: Adverbial Purpose Clauses Relative Clauses of Purpose Indirect Commands (Substantive Clauses of Purpose)

Sequence of Tenses in Purpose Clauses the tense of the subjunctive in the purpose clause depends on the tense of the main verb; this is called the sequence of tenses: notice that only the pres. & impf. tenses are used Sequence Tense of MV Tense of Subj. Verb Base Trans. of Subj. Verb Primary Present Future Future Perfect “may _____” Secondary Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect “might _____”

Adverbial Purpose Clauses function like adverbs (they modify the verbs) introduced by ut (or utī) in the positive introduced by nē in the negative many different ways to translate purpose clauses; most common is to translate like an infinitive (to…)

Adverbial Purpose Clauses Pugnāmus ut urbem defendāmus. We are fighting to defend the city. …in order to defend the city. …so as to defend the city. …for the purpose of defending the city. …so that we may defend the city. …in order that we may defend the city. …that we may defend the city.

Adverbial Purpose Clauses Pugnābāmus nē urbem caperētur. We were fighting so that the city not be captured. …in order that the city might not be captured. …in order for the city to not be captured. …for the purpose of the city not being captured. …so that the city might not be captured.

Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP) introduced by the relative pronoun (quī, quae, quod) if clause contains a comparative, usually introduced by quō must have a clearly defined antecedent in the main clause used to emphasize the purpose of the antecedent rather than of the whole clause several different ways to translate

Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP) Mīsērunt mīlitēs Rōmam quī urbem defenderent. They sent soldiers to Rome to defend the city. …who were to defend the city. …so that they might defend the city.

Indirect Commands sometimes called substantive purpose clauses or ut noun clauses substantive clauses are clauses that act like nouns express a command given indirectly or politely; introduced by ut and nē occur after verbs and expressions of asking, ordering, commanding, warning, advising, persuading, demanding and encouraging can sound like infinitives when translated (“to”), but can also be translated using “that” reflexives in ind. comm. refer back to subject of the verb introducing the ind. comm. (like in ind. statement)

Indirect Commands verb introducing the ind. comm. takes its object in either the dative, accusative, or ablative (with ā/ab) you need to memorize which take which IMP (verbs with dative objects) imperō (1): to order, command mandō (1): to command, instruct persuadeō (2): to persuade, convince Nōbīs persuādit ut veniāmus. She is persuading us to come. …that we come.

Indirect Commands MOHR (verbs with accusative objects) moneō (2): to warn, advise ōrō (1): to beg, entreat; ask for hortor (1): to urge, encourage, exhort rogō (1): to ask Mē rogāvit ut venīrem. He asked me to come. …that I come.

Indirect Commands PPQ (verbs with ā/ab + ablative objects) petō (3): to demand, beg, ask (for) postulō (1): to demand quaerō (3): to ask, inquire; seek Ā nobīs petunt ut veniāmus. They are asking us to come. …that we come.

Expressing Purpose in Latin purpose gerunds and gerundives ad + acc. of gerund or gerundive causā or gratiā + gen. of gerund or gerundive purpose supine accusative of the supine after verbs of motion purpose clause adverbial purpose clause: ut/nē + subjunctive relative clause of purpose: quī/quae/quod + subjunctive indirect command: vb. of asking, ordering, etc. + ut/nē + subjunctive

Result Clauses

Result Clauses the result of an action happening in the main clause is expressed by a subordinate clause that has its verb in the subjunctive mood introduced by ut in the positive introduced by ut nōn or ut + another negative (nēmō, nihil, nūllus, etc.) in the negative–but never by nē there are two types of result clause: Adverbial Result Clauses Substantive Result Clauses result clauses follow the same seq. of tenses as purpose clauses

Sequence of Tenses in Result Clauses the tense of the subjunctive in the result clause depends on the tense of the main verb; this is called the sequence of tenses: notice that this is the same as the SOT for purpose clauses Sequence Tense of MV Tense of Subj. Verb Base Trans. of Subj. Verb Primary Present Future Future Perfect “may _____” Secondary Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect “might _____”

Adverbial Result Clauses result clauses used as adverbs; generally there will be a word meaning “so” or “such” in the main clause common so/such words: sīc: in this way ita: so, in such a way, thus tam: so tālis, tāle: such, of such a kind tantus, -a, -um: so large, so great; such a large, such a great tot: so many

Adverbial Result Clauses Tempestās est tanta ut perterreāmur. The storm is so great that (as a result) we are scared. Illud sāxum erat tam grave ut nēmō id tollere posset. The rock is so heavy that (as a result) no one could lift it.

Substantive Result Clauses substantive result clauses act as nouns, as either the subject or object of certain verbs can be the object of a verb of causing or bringing about (e.g. efficiō, faciō, perficiō) Caesar effēcit ut oppida caperētur. Caesar brought (it) about that the city was captured.

Substantive Result Clauses can be the subject of… a verb of causing or bringing about when used in the passive (e.g. fiō) a verb of happening or coming about (e.g. evenit, accidit) an impersonal verb (e.g. necesse est) Ēvēnit ut urbs caperētur. It came about that the city was captured. Illā nocte accidit ut lūna plēna esset. On that night it happened that the moon was full.