1. The Subjunctive Mood; Jussive and Purpose Clauses January 31 st, 2012

2. The Subjunctive Mood All finite verbs have: Person, Number, Mood, Tense, and Voice. Three Moods: 1. Indicative. 2. Imperative. 3. Subjunctive. Imperative mood expresses commands. Indicative mood expresses facts. Subjunctive mood expresses ideal, hypothetical, or unfulfilled conditions (i.e. translated with the auxiliary “may, might, would, should etc.).

3. Formation of the Present Subjunctive Active Formed on the subjunctive verb stem + regular present, active endings. Subjunctive stem formed by changing the characteristic vowel-stem for each conjugation. 1 st Conjugation: Characteristic “a” (indicative) changes to “e” (subjunctive). 2 nd Conjugation: Characteristic “ē” (indicative) becomes “eā” (subjunctive). 3 rd Conjugation: Characteristic “i” (indicative) becomes “a” (subjunctive). 3 rd “io” and 4 th Conjugations: Charcteristic “i” (indicative) becomes “iā” (subjunctive). Cf. Wheelock, p. 187 & 452; “We fear a liar.”

4. Formation of the Present Subjunctive Passive Appropriate present subjunctive stem + regular passive endings. Cf. Wheelock, p. 188 and 454.

5. Tense and Translation of Subjunctives Only four tenses: Present, Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect. Tenses in the subjunctive usually relative. Translation depends on type of subjunctive.

6. Jussive Subjunctive Two main categories of subjunctive: Dependent and Independent. Jussive Subjunctive = Independent Use; Expresses a command or exhortation. Typically used in 1 st and 3 rd person singular and plural (Imperative used for commands in 2 nd person). “Ne” + subjunctive expresses a negative command. Translated typically with “Let….” or “Should.”

7. Translating the Jussive Subjunctive Cogitem nunc hac re. (Let me now think about this matter). Discipulus discat aut discedat (Let the student either learn or leave). Ne id faciamus (Let us not do this).

8. Subjunctive of Purpose (Purpose Clause) Purpose Clause = Dependent use of subjunctive. Indicates the purpose of the action of the main verb (i.e. We go to work to earn a living). Main verb always in the indicative; subordinate verb indicating purpose always in the subjunctive. Purpose clause introduced by “ut”; negative purpose clause introduced by “ne.”

9. Translating Purpose Clauses Hoc dicit ut eos iuvet = “He says this to help them.” Libros legimus ut multa discamus = We read books so that we learn many things. Discedit ne id audiat = “He is leaving so that he does not hear this.”