1. Sequence of Tenses Result Clauses
The Subjunctive Mood
Sequence of Tenses
Result Clauses

2. The Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive mood is connected with notions involving idea, intent, desire, uncertainty, potentiality, anticipation, or the like.
Think of the subjunctive as the mood of “non fact” or “wishing”
The subjunctive has only 4 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect

3. Translating the Subjunctive
A subjunctive verb has no one equivalent in English and therefore can only be translated according to the construction in which it occurs.

4. Present Active Subjunctive of the First Conjugation
Begin with the present stem (remove the
“-re” from the infinitive to get the present stem)
Change the –a- to –e-
Add present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt)

5. Present Active Subjunctive 2nd Conjugation
Take the present stem
Change –e to –ea
Add personal endings

6. Present Active Subjunctive 3rd Conjugation
Take the present stem
Remove the-e and add –a
Add personal endings

7. Present Subjunctive 4th Conjugation and 3rd -io
Take the present stem
Remove the –i (e for-io stem) and add –ia
Add the personal endings

8. Mnemonic Devices
shE wEArs A gIAnt dIAmond
wE bEAt A gIAnt LIAr

9. Imperfect Active Subjunctive in All Conjugations
Take the full present active infinitive
Lengthen the final –e
Add the present personal endings

10. Perfect Active Subjunctive for All Conjugations
Take the perfect stem (remove –i from the third principal part)
Add –eri-
Add present tense personal endings

11. Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of All Conjugations
Take the perfect stem
Add the tense sign –isse-
Add the present personal endings

12. Present Subjunctive of sum
Sim simus
Sis sitis
sit sint

13. The Sequence of Tenses MAIN CLAUSE Indicative SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Tense of Subjunctive
Time of Action
Relative to the Main Clause
Primary
Sequence
Present
Future
Future Perfect
Present= same time or after
Perfect= time before
Secondary
Imperfect
Perfect
Plurperfect
Imperfect= same time or after
Pluperfect= time before

14. Using Sequence of Tenses
The sequence of tenses simply shows how to translate the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause.

15. Primary Sequence Pugno ut nautam superem.
I fight in order that I may overcome the sailor.
Pugnabo ut nautam superem.
I shall fight in order that I may overcome the sailor.
Pugnavero ut nautam superem.
I shall have fought in order that I may overcome the sailor.

16. Secondary Sequence Pugnabam ut nautam superarem.
I was fighting in order that I might overcome the sailor.
Pugnavi ut nautam superarem.
I fought in order that I might overcome the sailor.
Pugnaveram ut nautam superarem.
I had fought in order that I might have overcome the sailor.

17. Result Clauses
Result clauses express the result of an action or a quality
They are introduced by ut for the positive
They are introduced by ut non (nemo, nihil, numquam, etc.) for the negative
Have verbs in the subjunctive

18. With Adjectives and Adverbs
The approach of a result clause is often indicated by the presence of an adjective or adverb of degree in the main clause.
Adjectives: Adverbs:
tantus, -a, -um ita
talis, e tam
tot (indeclineable) sic
adeo
Examples of result clauses may be seen on the previous slide which showed the use of sequence of tenses.