1. Purpose Clauses

2. The ‘purpose clause’ (a dependent clause) is used to show the purpose or intention of the action of the main verb in the sentence (in the independent clause). (I do X now in order that I may have Y in the future).

3. Purpose Clauses The purpose clause answers the question "Why?" or "For what reason?", rather than "What?". We study Latin so that we may learn more about ancient Rome. We study Latin to improve our English. Answers the question “why?”

4. Purpose Clauses English often employs an infinitive to express purpose – We study Latin to improve our English. This use of the infinitive is rare in Latin prose.

5. Purpose Clauses In order to show purpose, Latin most commonly employs a subjunctive clause introduced by ut (or nē for negative purpose). The auxiliary “may” is frequently used in translating the present tense in a purpose clause: We study Latin so that we may learn more about Rome.

6. Purpose Clauses Often we can translate a purpose clause with an infinitive if the subject of the purpose clause is the same as that of the main clause. We study Latin to improve our English. We study Latin so that we may improve our English. We study Latin in order that we may improve our English.

7. Purpose Clauses Hoc dīcit ut eōs iuvet. He says this to help them. He says this in order to help them. He says this so that he may help them. He says this in order that he may help them.

8. Purpose Clauses Discēdit nē id audiat. He leaves so that he may not hear this.

9. Purpose Clauses Cum cūrā docet ut discipulī bene discant. He teaches with care so that the students may learn well.

10. Purpose Clauses Hoc facit nē capiātur. He does this so that he may not be seized.

11. Purpose Clauses Librōs legimus ut multa discāmus. We read books so that we may learn many things.

12. Purpose Clauses Bonōs librōs nōbīs dent nē malōs legāmus. Let them give good books to us so that we may not read bad ones.

13. Sequence of tenses Primary tenses Present Perfect with ‘have’ Future Secondary (historic) Perfect without have (‘aorist’) Imperfect Pluperfect

14. Sequence of tenses If first tense is in a primary tense Then the second is present subjunctive If first verb is in secondary tense Then the second is imperfect subjunctive

15. Purpose Clauses How do we spot a purpose clause? Subordinate clause introduced by ut or nē Subjunctive verb Answers the question “why?”