A need or desire that leads to action Motivation A need or desire that leads to action

Motivation Overview Perspectives Major Motivators Instincts & Evolution Drives & Incentives Optimum Arousal Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Major Motivators Hunger Sex Need to Belong

Instincts & Evolution Instinct – fixed and unlearned behavior The more complex the organism the more flexible the behaviors Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Survival of the fittest Could be strongest, fastest, best smeller, most fertile Dogs naturally want to breed by 6 months

Drives & Incentives Drive-reduction Theory Needs cause a drive to reduce/satisfy need Organism wants to maintain homeostasis Incentives pull (positive or negative stimuli) Freud argues that an inability to satisfy a desire leads to “unconscious baggage”

Optimum Arousal We naturally seek arousal This might explain “adrenaline junkies”

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Basic hunger & thirst Safety Safe, secure, and stable Want to know what is going on

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Belongingness & love Love & acceptance Avoid loneliness Esteem Self-esteem through achievement & independence Recognition & respect from others Self-actualization Live up to full potential The best possible you

Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation A desire or drive coming from within Try hard because you like it or want to Extrinsic Motivation Motivation provided by receiving a reward or avoiding a punishment Try hard because it will get you something

Major Motivators Biological Hunger Thirst Sexual Reproduction

Major Motivators Nonsurvival Needs Psychological Curiosity Stimulation Manipulation Stimulation Psychological Affiliation Approval/acceptance Achievement

I Just Want to be Part of the Group The Need to Belong I Just Want to be Part of the Group

Affiliation Likely aided in survival Increasing social acceptance Cooperation improves performance Increasing social acceptance Conform to avoid rejection = increases self-esteem Maintaining relationships Dissolving relationships leads to negative emotions

Affiliation Ostracism Health Being excluded from the group can be used as a punishment Causes pain and insecurity Can lead to aggressive behaviors in some individuals Health Strong relationships lead to healthier people with lower levels of depression, suicide, and early death

Need to belong summary Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions. Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it. Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones. Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior. Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier.