Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

A decline in the Ottoman Empire 1500’s Ottoman Empire is the strongest in the world Islamic Law (Shari’a) regulates daily life Ottomans begin to lose grip on trade (Indian Ocean) Inflation caused by cheap silver from the New World Tax farming replaces land grants for military service Janisaries challenge authority and rebel 1700’s Ottoman Empire begins to lose power to provincial governors

Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853 Muhammad Ali assumes power in Egypt after Napoleon (1805) Adopted French practices, European sciences Strengthened the military Fell to British pressures to limit his army and navy, and allow trade Sultan Selim III (1807) reforms the Ottoman Empire Strengthen the military & central government Standardize taxation & land tenure 1805- Janissaries revolt in Serbia Serbian peasants helped defeat Janissaries Went on to make Serbia independent Greece gained independence 1829 Sultan Mahmud II lost Greece to European powers Britain, France, and Russia aided & regarded it as a triumph for European civilization

Tanzimat Reforms

Russia’s Empire Conflicts with the Ottomans Peter the Great (1689-1725) brings reform to Russia Peter had great visions for a warm- water port on the Black Sea Peter brings social/ political reform to Russia Western clothing Western education Form a strong military unit Increase the power of the tsar Increase access to scientific education

Crimean War

Crimean War Aftermath After Crimean War- Ottoman Empire continued to establish secular financial and commercial institutions on the European model. Effects- Shifted population from rural to urban Development of professional and wage laborer classes Did not solve fiscal problems. Continued trade deficit, inflation and foreign debt Ottoman Empire favors European trade, laws, and peoples

Russian Empire 1700 only 3% lived in cities Fear of political change hindered westernization Russophobia in the West Russian Empire stretched to Pacific and China Britain took steps to halt Russia Reforms of Alexander I promised more then delivered Opposition to reform came from the wealthy

Decemberist Revolts Decembrist Revolts

Qing Empire Qing conquered China in 1600’s Many people unhappy Restored peace and stability Promoted recovery of agricultural economy Chinese population doubled between 1650-1800 Many people unhappy Government viewed as weak & corrupt Series of rebellions- White Lotus rebellion Qing China looked to expand China’s economic influence to Europe (tea)

Opium Wars Opium War

Treaty of Nanking Treaty of Nanking and subsequent treaties gave Westerners special privileges Result- colonization of small pockets of Qing territory Gave most-favored-nation status to Britain Prevented the colonization of China

Taiping Rebellion

End of the Qing Empire Governors like Zeng Guofon looked to the U.S. as a model Wanted to restore agriculture Reform military Industrialize armaments manufacture Reforms supported by Qing aristocrats but unable to prevent disintegration Split into large power zones-provincial governors exercised authority

Tonghzi Rebellion Tongzhi Restoration