1. Land Empires in the age of imperialism
Chapter 25, Unit 4

2. challenges Challenges from the West Financial Stagnant economies
Social
WHY THESE CHALLENGES?
Inefficient ways of governing
Dominance of industrialized nations
Rapid population growth
Slow agricultural growth
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3. Think about
What was the role of culture in shaping western Europe’s relations with the rest of the world in the nineteenth century?
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4. Ottomans - Political Power
Loss of centralized power to governors and ethnic leaders
ex. – Mamluks rose to take military power in Egypt
Sultan Selim III
Realized need to Westernize
Euro style military
Standardized taxation
FAILED b/c
Opposition from janissaries
ex. – Serbia
Opposition from ulama
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5. Ottomans – Political Power cont.
Selim captured and executed
Replaced by Sultan Mahmud II
Realized the empire needed reform based on 2 factors:
Muhammad Ali’s success in Egypt
Greek independence from Ottomans in 1829
Muhammad Ali –
Provincial governor in Egypt
Adopted French practices
Conscription
Sent youth to France for education
Built factories
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6. Greek independence 1829
Nationalism spreading in Europe encouraged Greek unification and independence
Interest in antiquity encouraged European support
Britain, France, & Russia aided Greeks
Sultan Mahmud II realized weaknesses of empire
Military tactics outdated
Lack of organization
Financial issues
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7. Battle of Navarino
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8. Ottomans - Tanzimat “Reorganization” Society Dissolved janissaries
Adopted European military tactics & dress
Reduced power of ulamas
Sharia restricted to family law
Equal protection under the law for all
Ended tax farming
Uniform tax collecting
Focus on coinage
Society
Reforms stopped at matters of the family
No political participation for women
New competition in the market place led to decreased opportunities for women
Cities became more cosmopolitan
Focus on Euro dress & culture
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9. Crimean War 1853-1877 Background Russia wants access to Mediterranean
1815-took Georgia from Ottomans
Russia claimed itself protector of Ottoman subjects of Orthodox Christian faith in Balkans
Ottomans named France the “Protector of the Holy Sepulchre” in Jerusalem
Russia opposed and invaded Ottoman territory (Romania)
Britain & France supported Sultan
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11. Crimean War Cont. Real cause of war - Control of Ottoman Empire!
Britain, France, & Russia all wanted control
Issue is not settled until empire is dissolved after WWI!
Brits and French have superior technology
trap Russians on Black Sea
Laid siege to Russian city of Sevastopol
Results
Blocked Russian expansion
Neither Britain or France could take Ottoman territory for its exclusive use
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12. Impact of crimean war
First time newspapers used to generate public support
Marked transition from traditional to modern warfare (rifles)
Declining state revenues for Ottomans
Became dependent of European loans

13. Russian empire More conservative Wanted to maintain monarchy
Seen by Western Europeans as backward
Late to industrialize
Overwhelmingly agricultural
Feared spread of literacy

14. Russia and Asia Dominant over Asia Imperialistic towards Asia
Turkestan
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Caused conflict with Qing China, Iran, & Ottomans
Causes conflict with British
Protective of India
Afghanistan becomes buffer state

15. Russian Reforms Tsar Alexander II
Emancipation of serfs & granting of property rights in 1861
Authorized joint-stock companies
Expanded education

16. Russia – socialist ideas emerge
Alexander Herzen
Praised traditional peasants as “heart of Russia”
Narodniki political movement which encouraged socialist thinking
Leo Tolstoy
War and Peace

17. Qing china – late 1700s
Faced similar crises as Ottomans, but no reform movement emerged
Qing officials had lost regional control
Rebellions by poor and displaced peoples
Little attention given to Europeans
Population strain caused environmental damage

18. Opium wars – 1839-1842 Britain sent navy
Superior technology
Gunboats could navigate Yangzi River
Treaty of Nanking
Increase in treaty ports
Hong Kong permanent British colony
Most-favored nation status – any privileges China gave to another country would also be given to Britain
1860 – British have right to import opium
Americans & Europeans making fortunes smuggling opium into China
Silver funding industrialization
By 1830s addiction had spread to all walks of Chinese society
Qing officials sent representatives to Canton to stop the trade

20. Taiping Rebellion – 1850-1864 Background Hong Xiuquan
Treaty system allowed small pockets of colonization in China
Growing number of foreigners
Not enough food
Hong Xiuquan
Learned from Christian missionaries & believed he was brother Jesus who was to establish a new kingdom on Earth
First step was to free China of Manchu rule
Thousands joined his movement
Govt. officials sent to stop it

21. Taiping Rebellion Fighting Beliefs
Qing army surrounded city but Taipings had stored supplies and lasted there over a decade
1856 – Britain & France attack China for not abiding treaty (Arrow War)
Secured their posts & then agreed to help Qing defeat Taipings
World’s bloodiest civil war
Beliefs
Men & women equal
Women forbidden to bind feet
Women could equally work the land & serve in military capacity
Established base at Nanjing 1853

22. Qing China - Plague
Area around Taiping fighting had lingering bubonic plague
Taipings who escaped to highlands of Laos & Vietnam took it with it and it resurged
Spread to Singapore, San Francisco, & London
Contributed to anti-Chinese laws passed in Americas & England

23. Decline of Qing China 1860’S
Massive debt
Over-farmed land
Decline in rice production
Provincial governors gained more control
Collect own taxes
Have armies
Essentially, Qing China became a number of large power zones headed by provincial governors
The Emperor was in name only