1. Cleveland CH: 4 Essential Question: How did Selim III attempt to reform the Ottoman Empire?

2.  Reforms of Selim III  Political  Hoped to keep traditions alive but strengthen the empire.  Closer ties to Europe  Military  Defeated by Russia 1792 Russo-Turkish War  Westernization  Janissaries  Nizam-i jedid created in 1797  Economic  With Embassies in Europe it was easier to make trade agreements  Social  Exposure to Europe  Embassies  Fall of Selim III  1806 Janissaries lead rebellion  Mustafa IV replaces Selim III pledged not to interfere with privileges.

3. Essential Question: How did the rise of Muhammad Ali effect the Ottoman Empire?

4.  Mamluk occupation of Egypt.  Mamluk Beys competed against each other  Mamluks were unstable and oppressive  Lost control of rural areas  Napoleon in Egypt  Battle of the Pyramids 1798  Napoleons Goals were to threaten Great Britain and establish new markets for France  Battle of Aboukir Bay 1798  The French force in Egypt were cut off by British fleet  French were unpopular  1801 British-Ottoman expedition led to evacuation of French Forces  Ottomans were impressed with European technology

5.  Political  Establishment of hereditary dynasty  Did away with competing factions and brought them under Central authority  Divided into ten provinces  Established bureaucracy  Opened positions to talent but still gave family and allies positions of power.  Military  Political Power based on military power  Conscription of Fellahin army reached 130,000 soldiers  Reformed military based on the west  Established officer training programs

6.  Economic  Had to pay for reforms by exploiting Egypt’s resources  Ended tax farming  Taxed Waqf  Expanded irrigation system  Keep flood waters from the Nile all summer long  Introduced Jumel cotton which became a huge cash crop  Industrialization  Goal was to make country self-sufficient  State monopoly of economy  Focus on heavy industry and textiles  Heavy industry was successful in supplying military  Social  Schools that were opened created opportunities for Egyptians.  Started newspapers and printing presses

7.  Western Arabia 1811  Under command of Ibrahim  Ali’s army defeated and Wahhabi movement  Captured Mecca and Medina  Conquest of Sudan 1820 see on page 72  Greek Revolt 1821  Sultan asks Ali to put down the rebels in exchange for Crete  Do to European intervention Ibrahim is forced to leave gaining nothing  Invasion of Syria 1831  New markets and materials  Came within 150 miles of Istanbul  Russia came to the Ottomans aid which caused the rest of Europe to get involved  In exchange for an end to hostilities Ibrahim becomes governor of Adana in Anatolia and Greater Syria  1839 Battle of Nezib  Treaty of London 1841

8.  1821 armed Greek revolt breaks out  Ottomans could not subdue the revolt  Ali’s troops are called for help  Great Britain and Russia get involved  Battle of Navarino Bay 1827  Ali withdraws  1828 Russia declares war on Ottomans  1829 Treaty of Adrianople  Significance  For Ottomnas  For Greeks  For the Great Powers

9.  Reforms  Political  Reestablish central authority within provinces  Reorganized the Government  Raised salaries to eliminate bribes  Reestablished ottoman embassies in Europe  Military  1820’s ordered military reform based on European model  Used force to destroy the Janissaries  Trained by French and British officers  Economic  1831 eliminated the Timar system  Social  Attempted to Europeanize  1827 opened medical school for army personnel  1834 opened Imperial War College  Founded fist newspaper published in Turkish language