Review of Catford

Know all IPA symbols presented in class

What are three components to speech?

What are three components to speech? Initiation Getting air moving Articulation Modifying the airstream with vocal tract Phonation Modifying vocal folds to produce different kinds of sounds

What causes initiation?

What causes initiation? Lungs (pulmonic) Glottis (glottalic) Velum (velar)

What causes initiation? Lungs (pulmonic) Pulmonic pressure Outward flow, most speech sounds Pulmonic suction Inward flow, Swedish ‘yes’

What causes initiation? Velum (velaric) Velaric suction [ʘ, ||] How do you produce?

What causes initiation? Glottis (glottalic) Glottalic pressure (ejectives) [k’, t’, p’] How do you produce?

What causes initiation? Glottis (glottalic) Glottalic pressure (ejectives) [k’, t’, p’] How do you produce? Glottalic suction (implosives) [ɓ, ɗ, ɠ]

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis What is modal voice?

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis What is modal voice? Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states)

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis What is modal voice? Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states) What causes voicing?

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis What is modal voice? Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states) What causes voicing? Vocal folds held together and vibrate along entire length

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis What is modal voice? Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states) What causes voicing? Vocal folds held together and vibrate along entire length What causes voicelessness?

Phonation Deals with different states of the glottis What is modal voice? Voiced and voiceless sounds (not other states) What causes voicing? Vocal folds held together and vibrate along entire length What causes voicelessness? Vocal folds apart, no vibration

Voicing Most vowels are voiced Most sonorants ([l, m, r, n]) are voiced

Voicing Most vowels are voiced Most sonorants ([l, m, r, n]) are voiced When they aren’t we indicate it [m̥]

Phonation (non-modal) How is whisper produced?

Phonation (non-modal) How is whisper produced? How is creaky voice produced?

Phonation (non-modal) How is whisper produced? How is creaky voice produced? How is glottal stop produced?

Phonation (non-modal) How is whisper produced? How is creaky voice produced? How is glottal stop produced? How is breathy voice produced?

Voice onset time Define it

Voice onset time Define it Time between release of stop and voicing of following vowel

Voice onset time Define it What sound is produced during VOT? Time between release of stop and voicing of following vowel What sound is produced during VOT?

Voice onset time Define it What sound is produced during VOT? Time between release of stop and voicing of following vowel What sound is produced during VOT? [h] aspiration

Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop?

Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? Very short VOT

Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop? Very short VOT What is aspirated stop?

Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop? Very short VOT What is aspirated stop? Long VOT

Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop? Very short VOT What is aspirated stop? Long VOT Which does English have?

Voice onset time What is unaspirated stop? What is aspirated stop? Very short VOT What is aspirated stop? Long VOT Which does English have? Both. Unaspirated after [s] (stand), otherwise aspirated

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops Fricatives

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops Fricatives Tap, flap

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops Fricatives Tap, flap Trill

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops Fricatives Tap, flap Trill Approximant

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops Fricatives Tap, flap Trill Approximant Semivowel

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Stops Fricatives Tap, flap Trill Approximant Semivowel ****Resonant

Stricture types (manner of articulation) Lateral vs. median airflow

Location (place of articulation)

Some test questions Fill in blanks in IPA Given a symbol, give place, manner and glottal state Given a place, manner, and glottal state, what is the symbol

Coordinate articulation Two stops or fricatives pronounced at same time [k͜p]

Secondary articulation Adding another place to a consonant Labialization [Cw] Palatalization [Cj] Velarization [ɫ] [Cɤ] Pharyngalization [Cʕ]

Geminate Definition?

Geminate Definition? Two indentical stops/fricatives together Not across word boundaries

Geminate Definition? Two indentical stops/fricatives together Not across word boundaries Or, a long stop or fricative

Affricate Definition? A stop followed by fricative Same place of articulation Considered one sound/unit

3 Vowel descriptors? Tongue height (closure) Horizontal tongue position Lip rounding

Test question Given a description of vowel, give symbol Given vowel symbol, give description Know cardinal vowels 1-16

Vowel formants What is F0, fundamental frequency?

Vowel formants What is F0, fundamental frequency? The vibration rate of vocal folds

Vowel formants What are harmonics? Waves that are multiples of the F0 that are produced along with F0

Vowel formants What are formants?

Vowel formants What are formants? Groups of harmonics that are amplified by configuration of vocal tract

Vowel formants What are formants? Groups of harmonics that are amplified by configuration of vocal tract

Vowel formants What is relationship between F1 and vowels?

Vowel formants What is relationship between F1 and vowels? F1 is low for high vowels and high for low vowels

Vowel formants What is relationship between F2 and vowels?

Vowel formants What is relationship between F2 and vowels? F2 is high for front vowels and low for back vowels

Vowel modifications Nasalization Rhotacism/retroflexion Duration

What is stress?

What is stress? Greater volume (initiatory power) Higher pitch Longer duration

What is are the parts of the syllable?

What is are the parts of the syllable? Onset, nucleus, rhyme, coda

What is are the parts of the syllable? Onset, nucleus, rhyme, coda Be able to put sounds in a syllable into a syllable tree

What is tone? Varying pitch on a syllable to vary meaning of word

What is intonation? Varying pitch on a clause to vary pragmatic meaning of the clause