CSCI206 - Computer Organization & Programming Single Cycle Datapath zyBook: 11.3

The Basic MIPS Datapath Needs extra wires for jal / jr How is next pc selected? (control) How fast can it be clocked?

Instruction Decoding Examine the bit pattern in the instruction to determine the exact instruction, data registers, and the immediate value, if any. R-type instruction I-type instruction J-type instruction R-type: 31 25 20 15 5 op rs rt rd funct shamt 10 I-type: 31 25 20 15 5 op rs rt immediate 10 J-type: 31 25 20 15 5 op destination address 10

Executing R Format Operations R format operations (add, sub, slt, and, or) perform operation (op and funct) on values in rs and rt store the result back into the Register File (into location rd) R-type: 31 25 20 15 5 op rs rt rd funct shamt 10 Instruction Write Data Read Addr 1 Read Addr 2 Write Addr Register File Read Data 1 Data 2 ALU overflow zero ALU control RegWrite Fetch PC = PC+4 Decode Exec Note that Register File is not written every cycle (e.g., sw), so we need an explicit write control signal for the Register File Since writes to the register file are edge-triggered, we can legally read and write the same register within a clock cycle – the read will get the value written in an earlier clock cycle, which the value written will be available to a read in a subsequent cycle.

Executing Load and Store Operations Load and store operations involves compute memory address by adding the base register (read from the Register File during decode) to the 16-bit signed-extended offset field in the instruction store value (read from the Register File during decode) written to the Data Memory load value, read from the Data Memory, written to the Register File Instruction Write Data Read Addr 1 Read Addr 2 Write Addr Register File Read Data 1 Data 2 ALU overflow zero ALU control RegWrite Data Memory Address Read Data Sign Extend MemWrite MemRead 16 32 store load Note there are separate read and write controls to the memory – only one of which may be asserted on any given clock cycle. The memory unit needs a read signal, since, unlike the register file, reading the value of an invalid address can cause problems as we will see later. (Standard memory chips actually have a write enable signal that is used for writes.)

Executing Branch Operations Branch operations involves compare the operands read from the Register File during decode for equality (zero ALU output) compute the branch target address by adding the updated PC to the 16-bit signed-extended offset field in the instruction

Executing Branch Operations Instruction Write Data Read Data 1 Data 2 ALU zero ALU control Sign Extend 16 32 Shift left 2 Add 4 PC Branch target address (signal “zero” sent to branch control logic) Read Addr 1 Register File Read Addr 2 Write Addr

Executing Jump Operations Jump operation involves replace the lower 28 bits of the PC with the lower 26 bits of the fetched instruction shifted left by 2 bits Add 4 4 Jump address Instruction Memory Shift left 2 28 Read Address PC Instruction 26

Composing the Elements Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 13 November, 2018 Composing the Elements First-cut data path does an instruction in one clock cycle Each datapath element can only do one function at a time Hence, we need separate instruction and data memories Use multiplexers where alternate data sources are used for different instructions Chapter 4 — The Processor

R-Type/Load/Store Datapath Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 13 November, 2018 R-Type/Load/Store Datapath Chapter 4 — The Processor

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Full Datapath 13 November, 2018 Chapter 4 — The Processor