SECTION 9-3 Representative Articulations

Intervertebral articulations Gliding joints Vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints cushioned by intervertebral discs Outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus Stabilized by ligaments

Figure 9.7 Intervertevbral Articulations

Figure 9.8 Damage to the Intervertebral Discs

Shoulder joint (glenohumoral joint) Glenoid cavity and head of humerus Ball and socket diarthroses Stabilized by ligaments Strength and stability sacrificed for range of motion

Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint Figure 9.9a

Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint Figure 9.9b

The elbow joint Permits only flexion and extension Hinge diarthroses Reinforced with strong ligaments PLAY Animation: Clavicle & Scapula

Hip joint Ball and socket diarthroses Acetabulum and head of femur Permits flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, circumduction, rotation Stabilized by numerous ligaments

Figure 9.11 The Hip Joint Figure 9.11

Knee joint Hinge joint with incomplete articular capsule Formed by the condyles of the femur and the condylar surfaces of the tibia Accessory structures help stabilize lateral movements Permits flexion/extension, limited rotation Supported by ligaments PLAY Animation: Hip

Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint Figure 9.12a, b

Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint Figure 9.12c, d

SECTION 9-4 Aging and Articulations

Joint problems with aging Joint problems associated with aging Relatively common Rheumatism – general term for pain and stiffness in muscular and skeletal elements Arthritis – all rheumatic diseases affecting synovial joints

SECTION 9-5 Bones and Muscles

Musculoskeletal system Encompasses the extensive interactions between the muscular and skeletal systems

You should now be familiar with: The major categories of joints, and the relationship between structure and function for each. The structure of a synovial joint. The dynamic movements of the skeleton. The types of synovial joint, and the relationship of structure to function in each.

You should now be familiar with: The structure and function of the vertebrae, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints. The relationship between joint strength and mobility. The effects of aging on the joints.