1. GCSE Physical Education Year 10
Revision guide for
PE 1 to 4
NAME:

2. Lesson reference number Topic Do I know it?
PE 1
The structure & function of the skeletal
(Location & names of the bones)
(Axial & appendicular skeleton)
(Functions of the skeletal system)
PE 2
Types of synovial joint
(Hinge & ball & socket)
PE 3
Types of movement at hinge & ball & socket joints
(Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction)
PE 4
Other components of joints
(Ligaments, cartilage, tendons)

3. PE 1 – LOCATION AND NAMES OF THE MAJOR BONES
Cranium
Sternum
Clavicle
Ribs
Scapula
Vertebrae
Humerus
Radius
Pelvis
Carpals
Ulna
Metacarpals
Femur
Phalanges
Fibula
Patella
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals

4. PE 1 – FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
There are 6 major functions of the skeletal system…
To provide SUPPORT to the body.
To give the body its shape or POSTURE.
To allow MOVEMENT of the body by providing sites or areas for muscle attachment. It also provides a system of levers.
To give PROTECTION to the internal organs – heart, lungs, spinal cord and the brain. E.g. The cranium protects the brain.
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION – red and white cells.
To STORE MINERALS – phosphorus, calcium, potassium and iron. Iron helps the transport of oxygen to working muscles and calcium is needed to build and repair bones.

5. PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
What is a joint?
A joint is where two or more bones meet.
Different types of joint
There are various types of joint and they differ according to the range of movement they allow. They can vary from a fibrous (fixed) joint to a synovial (allows significant movement).
What is a SYNOVIAL joint?
This is a freely movable joint where the bones surfaces are covered by cartilage, called articular cartilage, and connected by a fibrous connective tissue (joint capsule) lined with synovial fluid.
Hip joint
Elbow joint

6. E.g. During the sprinting action, the knee bends.
PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
So what do I need to know?
1. The different TYPES of joint…
E.g. Hinge joint
2. EXAMPLES of joints
E.g. Knee joint
3. EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES where you can see this joint in action.
E.g. During the sprinting action, the knee bends.
4. The ARTICULATING BONES (the bones that move within a joint) that relate to the joint
E.g. Femur and tibia

7. The articulating bones for the knee joint are the…
PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
The HINGE joint
The hinge joint allows movement in one plane only, just like a door moves.
Examples of a hinge joint are the knee and elbow joint.
The KNEE joint
An example of a physical activity
that uses the knee joint is sprinting.
Articulating bones
The articulating bones for the knee joint are the…
Femur
Tibia

8. The articulating bones for the
PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
The HINGE joint
The ELBOW joint
An example of a physical activity that uses the elbow joint is the biceps curl.
Articulating bones
The articulating bones for the
elbow joint are the…
Humerus
Radius
Ulna

9. The articulating bones for the hip joint are the…
PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
The BALL AND SOCKET joint
The ball and socket joint allows a wide range of movement.
This joint sees the bone sit into a cup-shaped depression in another bone.
Examples of a ball and socket joint are the hip and shoulder joints.
The HIP joint
A physical activity where you can see the hip joint
in action is during a sit-up.
Articulating bones
The articulating bones for the hip joint are the…
Pelvis
Femur

10. The articulating bones for the shoulder
PE 2 – TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
The BALL AND SOCKET joint
The SHOULDER joint
A physical activity where you can see the shoulder joint in action is throwing a javelin.
Articulating bones
The articulating bones for the shoulder
joint are the…
Humerus
Scapula

11. PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT HINGE JOINTS
Flexion at the knee
Flexion at the elbow
Extension at the knee
Extension at the elbow

12. Flexion at the SHOULDER Extension at the SHOULDER
PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
Flexion at the SHOULDER
Flexion at the HIP
Extension at the HIP
Extension at the SHOULDER

13. PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
Rotation (external) at the SHOULDER
Rotation (external) at the HIP
Abduction at the SHOULDER
Abduction at the HIP

14. PE 3 – TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
Adduction at the HIP
Adduction at the SHOULDER
Circumduction at the SHOULDER
Circumduction at the HIP

15. LIGAMENTS CARTILAGE PE 4 – OTHER COMPONENTS OF JOINTS
There are three other main components of joints. These are…
Ligaments
Cartilage
Tendons
These tissue-based components help to reduce wear and tear by acting as shock absorbers or reducing friction.
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments are found between bones and ATTACH BONE TO BONE. They are bands of connective tissue and are very tough and resilient.
Function – to HELP JOIN BONES TOGETHER AND KEEP THE BONES STABLE DURING MOVEMENT. Ligaments prevent movements that are extreme and stop dislocation.
CARTILAGE
Function – reduces friction and acts as a SHOCK ABSORBER FOR THE JOINT.
New born babies have a skeleton that consists of cartilage and a process called ossification occurs when cartilage turns into bone. Bones have a blood supply, where as cartilage has no supply.

16. CARTILAGE PE 4 – OTHER COMPONENTS OF JOINTS
There are 3 basic types of cartilage…
Yellow elastic cartilage – flexible tissue, e.g. part of the ear lobe.
Hyaline or blue articular cartilage – found on the articulating surfaces of the bones, it protects bones and limits friction. Hyaline cartilage can thicken as a result of exercise.
White fibro-cartilage – tough tissue that acts as a shock absorber. It is found in the body where there are large amounts of stress. E.g. the semi-lunar cartilage in the knee joint. It also allows bones to fit together properly. E.g. discs between the vertebrae.
Cartilage can be torn in sport with a forceful knee movement. E.g. a footballer twisting their knee.
Tears can develop due to repeated small injuries or ‘WEAR AND TEAR’ of the MENISCUS CARTILAGE (this acts as a shock absorber in the joint) in older people.
Once torn, the cartilage DOES NOT HEAL VERY WELL AND THIS IS DUE TO THE LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY. Tears on the outside of a joint may heal over time, but tears in the middle tend not to heal properly.

17. EXERCISE CAN HELP STRENGTHEN TENDONS.
PE 4 – OTHER COMPONENTS OF JOINTS
TENDONS
MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO BONES VIA TENDONS. Tendons are strong and a little flexible.
Function – As well as their ATTACHMENT role, they help to TRANSMIT THE POWER NEEDED TO MOVE THE BONES. When a muscle shortens, it pulls on the tendons and this then pulls on the bones and causes movement.
EXERCISE CAN HELP STRENGTHEN TENDONS.

18. NOTES!