1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings WEEK 22 A&P

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Ways joints are classified  Functionally  Structurally

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Classification of Joints  Synarthroses  Immovable joints  Amphiarthroses  Slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses  Freely moveable joints

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Joints  Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints  Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints  Freely moveable

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints  Bones united by fibrous tissue  No joint cavity  Essentially Immovable Joints (#3)  Example :  Sutures  Distal end of tibia and fibula  Allows more movement than sutures

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Joints Figure 5.28a–b

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures  Sutures are the most remembered examples (#4)  Occur between the bones of the skull  Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers  Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth  In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses  Bone regions are united by a fibrous connective tissues (#8)  Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable  Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses Figure 8.1b

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints  Characterized by Cartilage connecting the bony portions (#5)  Lack a joint cavity  Two types – synchondroses and symphyses  Example :  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral joints

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints Figure 5.28c–e

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses  A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones  All synchondroses are synarthrotic  Examples include:  Epiphyseal plates of children  Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses Figure 8.2a, b

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses  Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage  Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility  Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis (#2)

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses Figure 8.2c Typically allows a slight degree of movement (#1)

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces  Ligaments reinforce the joint

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity  All are freely movable or diarthrotic (#7)  Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body, including the Hip, Knee and Elbow joints (#9)

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Figure 5.28f–h

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint  All characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovival membrane surrounding a joint cavity (#6)  Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Synovial Joint Figure 5.29

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30a–c

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Figure 5.30d–f

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings # 2 # 2 Match the synovival joint to its description The Hip (#3)

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Match the synovival joint to its description The joint between the foreman bones and the wrist (#4) The joint between the skull and the vertebral column (#8) The Joints between the phalanges and the metacarpal bones (#9)

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Match the synovival joint to its description The Elbow (#5) Interphalangeal joints (#6)

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Match the synovival joint with its description The joint between the axis and the atlas (#2)

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Match the synovival joint with its description Gliding Joint Intercarpal joints (#7)

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Match the synovival joint with its description Thumb

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures Figure 8.1a Joint between skull bones (#1)

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings #5 What characteristics do all joints have in common? They Hold Bones together Figure 8.3a, b Ligament (#2) Dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones together Tendon Dense fibrous connective that attaches a muscle to a bone Articular Cartilage Hylaine cartilage that reduces friction where bones touch Synovival Membrane Loose connective tissue that produces synovival fluid to decrease friction within the joint capsule Bursa Fluid filled sac that cushions the joint

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

32. #6 Which joint, the hip or knee is more stable? The Hip Name the two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint Deep socket for the femur And the strongly reinforced articular capsule

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  #10 Which letter marks the origin of the muscle?  Which letter marks the insertion? origin Insertion During muscle contraction the Insertion moves the muscle towards the Origin

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Description The jaw is a hinge joint where the mandibular condyle meets the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Descriptions  Neck The neck is Pivot Joint, where the occipital condyles of the skull meet the atlas bone of the cervical vertebrae and the Odontoid process of the axis bone allows for the pivot motion

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Descriptions The Shoulder is a ball and socket joint where the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Descriptions The Elbow is a hinge joint where the head of the ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus and the head of the radius meets the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Descriptions The wrist is a gliding joint where the styloid processes of the radius (lateral side) and ulna (medial side) meet the carpal bones of the wrist

39. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Description The hip is a ball and socket joint where the Head of the Femur inserts into the Acetabular fossa of the pelvis

40. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Description The Knee is a hinge joint where the medial and lateral condyles of the femur meet the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia

41. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Body Joint Description The Ankle is a gliding joint where the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the medial malleolus of the tibia meet the talus bone of the tarsals

42. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thumb; Saddle Joint The Thumb is a Saddle joint, allowing for opposable movement between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb