1. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

2. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 Chapter 8 The Articular System

3. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3 Introduction Articulation: union between two or more bones Can be mobile or immobile Examples –Sutures between skull bones –Knee or elbow joint

4. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 4 The Classification of Joints: Structure and Function

5. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5 Introduction Joints are classified into three major groups based on: –Degree of movement allowed (function) –Type of material holding bones together (structure)

6. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 Synarthroses No movement –Suture: bones connected by thin layer connective tissue (skull) –Syndesmosis: connected by ligaments between bones (radius and ulna) –Gomphosis: conical process in a socket (teeth)

7. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7 Amphiarthroses Slight movement –Symphysis: connected by disk of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis) –Synchondrosis: connected by hyaline cartilage (growth plate between diaphysis and epiphyses)

8. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8 Diarthroses or Synovial Joints Free movement Capsule with internal cavity Capsule composition: fibrous cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscle, synovial membranes Functions: weight bearing and movement

9. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.)

10. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 Movements at Synovial Joints

11. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 Movements at Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Flexion/Extension –Hyperextension: abnormal extension Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion Abduction/Adduction Rotation Circumduction

12. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 Movements at Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Supination/Pronation Eversion/Inversion Protraction/Retraction Opposition/Reposition

13. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints

14. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Ball-and-socket –Widest range of movement Movement can occur in all planes and directions –Shoulder –Hip

15. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Hinge –Convex surface fits into concave surface –Flexion and extension only –Knee –Elbow

16. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Pivot –Rotation in one plane –Atlas and axis (cervical spine) –Rotation of the head

17. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Condyloid (ellipsoidal) –Oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity –Motion in two planes at right angles –Radius and carpal bones

18. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Saddle –Motion in two planes at right angles –Permits opposition of the thumb

19. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19 The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) Gliding –Gliding motion –Intervertebral joints in spine

20. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20 Animation – Synovial Joints [Insert synovial joints.swf]

21. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 Bursae

22. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 Bursae (cont’d.) Closed sacs prevent friction between tissues –Synovial membrane lining –Subcutaneous: between skin and underlying bony processes –Subfascial: between overlying muscles –Subtendinous: between overlying tendons or bony projections

23. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23 Summary Discussed the three types of joints (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses or synovial joints) Described the movements possible at synovial joints Named the six types of synovial joints Discussed the functions and types of bursae