Intro to Sports Med and Athletic Training SPORTS TRAUMA Intro to Sports Med and Athletic Training

Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma Mechanical Forces: Compression Tension Shear Torsion

Compression force The application of a compression force to an object causes it to become squashed or compacted

Tension force The act or process of stretching something tight. A force tending to stretch or elongate something.

Shearing forces an applied force or pressure exerted against the surface and layers of the skin as tissues slide in opposite but parallel planes.

Torsion a type of mechanical stress, whereby the external forces twist an object about its axis

Wound Classification Friction Blisters – continuous rubbing over the surface of the skin that causes a collection of fluid below or within the epidermal layer

Abrasions – skin is scraped against a rough surface Abrasions – skin is scraped against a rough surface. The epidermis and dermis are worn away, exposing numerous blood capillaries.

Skin Bruise – when a blow compresses or crushes the skin surface and produces bleeding under the skin.

Wound Classification (cont…) Laceration – wound in which the flesh has been irregularly torn.

Wound Classification (cont…) Skin Avulsion – skin torn by the same mechanism as a laceration to the extent that tissue (or bone) is completely ripped from its source. Avulsion of A tendon from it’s Origin or Insertion

Wound Classification (cont…) Incision – wound that skin has been sharply cut.

Wound Classification (cont…) Puncture – wound caused by object penetration the skin.

Muscle Injury Classification Acute Muscle Injuries Contusions Strains (Injury to muscle or tendons – CT that connects muscle to bone) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

Contusions

Muscle Strains

MIC (cont…) Muscle Cramps – Painful, involuntary muscle contractions Muscle Spasms – Short duration cramps Overexertion Muscle Problems Acute-onset muscle soreness Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Muscle stiffness Muscle cramps

MIC (cont…) Chronic Muscle Injuries Myositis: inflammation of your skeletal muscles, which are also called the voluntary muscles. Fascitis: refers to an inflammation of the fascia Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath Bursitis: Inflammation of one or more bursae Ectopic classification: Myositis ossificans: Accumulation of mineral deposits in muscle tissue Calcific tendinitis: Accumulation of mineral deposits in a tendon

MIC (cont…) Acute Joint Injuries Sprains (Injury to ligaments - CT that connects bone-bone) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9Sa359rrxk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrvHzaDxBug&feature=related

MIC (cont…) - Synovitis - Dislocations Subluxations Luxations

MIC (cont…) Chronic Joint Injuries Osteochrondritis Arthritis Bursitis, capsulitis, and synovitis

Other Trauma Skeletal Trauma – fractures Nerve Trauma – “stingers/burners”

Fractures Fracture: A disruption in the continuity of a bone.

Types of Fractures Simple (closed): Bone breaks cleanly, but does not break through skin.

Types of Fractures Compound (Open): Bone ends penetrate through soft tissue and skin.

Types of Fractures Depressed: Occurs more frequently on flat bones when the broken bone portion is driven inward.

Types of Fractures Stress fractures: Fracture resulting from repeated loading with relatively lower magnitude forces.

Types of Fractures Growth Plate Fractures (Salter-Harris): Fractures at the “physis”, or areas of the growing bone that has not yet calcified.