2. Injuries can be classified and discussed a number of ways Injuries can be classified and discussed a number of ways The 2 most common classifications are: The 2 most common classifications are: 1.Causation and Anatomy 2.The forces involved

3. Injuries/Illnesses can be placed into 2 categories: Injuries/Illnesses can be placed into 2 categories: – Primary Injuries = injury that results from the stress imposed by a particular sport Can be caused by EXTRINSIC FORCES like other players, equipment, etc Can be caused by EXTRINSIC FORCES like other players, equipment, etc -Or INTRINSIC FORCES, which are stresses created within the athlete’s body like overuse, etc.

4.  Secondary Injury Injuries or complaints that arise as a result of the primary injury Injuries or complaints that arise as a result of the primary injury – Can happen if an athlete was not cared for properly – Those that were allowed to return to participation too quickly after an injury Examples? Examples? – Chronic swelling, chronic pain

5. Sports injuries can also be described according to the primary structure that has been affected and the extent of the trauma Sports injuries can also be described according to the primary structure that has been affected and the extent of the trauma These injuries can be classified as These injuries can be classified as EXTERNAL and INTERNAL EXTERNAL and INTERNAL

6. External or exposed injuries usually involve the skin and are classified into basic categories or types... External or exposed injuries usually involve the skin and are classified into basic categories or types... – Abrasions – Lacerations – Avulsions – Puncture wounds – Incisions – Blisters

7. When the skin is scraped against a rough surface When the skin is scraped against a rough surface The top layer of skin is worn away, thus exposing numerous capillaries The top layer of skin is worn away, thus exposing numerous capillaries High likelihood of infection from dirt and debris High likelihood of infection from dirt and debris – Must be cleaned and dressed properly

9. When a sharp or pointed object tears the skin When a sharp or pointed object tears the skin The wound is jagged in appearance The wound is jagged in appearance Must also be cleaned and dressed and often require suturing Must also be cleaned and dressed and often require suturing

11. When a flap of skin or tissue is torn away from the body and left hanging or is completely torn away When a flap of skin or tissue is torn away from the body and left hanging or is completely torn away Tx = Clean, dressed and probably sutures Tx = Clean, dressed and probably sutures

13. The direct penetration of an object into the body tissues The direct penetration of an object into the body tissues Most dangerous because they can be fatal Most dangerous because they can be fatal Should always be referred to the doctor because of the possibility of infection/tetanus Should always be referred to the doctor because of the possibility of infection/tetanus

15. Cleanly cut wounds that often appear where a blow has been delivered over a sharp, bony area of the body Cleanly cut wounds that often appear where a blow has been delivered over a sharp, bony area of the body Not as serious as the other types of wounds Not as serious as the other types of wounds Easy to repair via sutures or simple closure Easy to repair via sutures or simple closure

17. Continuous friction causing a collection of fluid within the layers of the skin Continuous friction causing a collection of fluid within the layers of the skin

18. Caused by the pooling of blood and fluid in a tissue space usually caused by a broken blood vessel Caused by the pooling of blood and fluid in a tissue space usually caused by a broken blood vessel Can form anywhere in any tissue Can form anywhere in any tissue

19. Injuries that happen to tissues and muscles on the inside of the body… Injuries that happen to tissues and muscles on the inside of the body… 5 different mechanisms: 5 different mechanisms: – Tension – Stretching – Compression – Shearing – Bending

20. Tension Tension – pulls or stretches tissue Stretching Stretching – pulls beyond elastic limit Compression Compression – force that crushes tissue

21. Shearing Shearing – force that moves across the parallel organization of the tissue Bending Bending – force on a horizontal bone that places stress within the structure causing the bone to bend or strain

22. Strain Strain – Stretch, tear or rip in muscle, fascia or tendon – Mechanism of injury (MOI) Forceful muscle contraction Forceful muscle contraction Strength imbalance Strength imbalance Inability of muscle to react Inability of muscle to react

23. Characterized by pain, muscle spasm, and muscle weakness Characterized by pain, muscle spasm, and muscle weakness Signs and Symptoms (S/S) Signs and Symptoms (S/S) – Swelling – Cramping – Inflammation – Loss of muscle function

24. Most common: Back and Hamstrings Most common: Back and Hamstrings Two goals for treatment: Two goals for treatment: 1.Reduce swelling and pain Done through RICE Done through RICE – REST – ICE – COMPRESSION – ELEVATION

25. 2.Rehabilitation – Must improve condition of injured part and restore function – Unlike bone – muscle heals with scar tissue so it is NOT as good as new Very often re-injured Very often re-injured

26. Measures to take to reduce the risk: Measures to take to reduce the risk: – Health, well balanced diet – Healthy weight – Proper fitting shoes – Stretch/warm-up before activity – Avoid exercise or sports when tired or in pain – Run on even surfaces

27. Tendonitis Tendonitis – Inflammation that occurs when tendons become irritated – Most commonly occurs from overuse – Treatment: Avoid aggravating movements Avoid aggravating movements NSAID’s NSAID’s Ice Ice Physical therapy Physical therapy

28. Contusion aka bruise Contusion aka bruise – Occurs from a direct blow or blunt injury Doesn’t penetrate the skin Doesn’t penetrate the skin – Deep contusion = more severe – Extra blood pools in surrounding tissue creating a bruise = ecchymosis

29. S/S: S/S: – Swelling – Pain during palpation – Redness – Ecchymosis Most respond well to RICE Most respond well to RICE If not treated properly myositis ossificans can form If not treated properly myositis ossificans can form – Calcification forms within the muscle

30. Injury to ligaments Injury to ligaments – Connect bone to bone One of the most common and disabling of athletic injuries One of the most common and disabling of athletic injuries – Ankle sprains account for 25% of all sports injuries!! Occurs when a joint is forced beyond its anatomical limit Occurs when a joint is forced beyond its anatomical limit

31. S/S: S/S: – Pain – Swelling – Ecchymosis – Loss of ROM Treatment: – RICE – ROM exercises – Strengthening exercises to prevent “weak ankles”

32. All injuries are given a grade to represent the severity of injury All injuries are given a grade to represent the severity of injury Grade 1 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 3

33. Grade 1: Some fibers stretched/torn, some tenderness, little or no swelling, and pain with motion Grade 1: Some fibers stretched/torn, some tenderness, little or no swelling, and pain with motion Grade 2: Pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, moderate instability Grade 2: Pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, moderate instability Grade 3: Extremely painful initially, loss of function, inability to move/walk, severe instability, tenderness and swelling Grade 3: Extremely painful initially, loss of function, inability to move/walk, severe instability, tenderness and swelling