1. Sport Injuries Sport Injuries Types of Injury Fractures – Occur as a result of extreme stress placed on bones. - Different types of fractures can occur based on the kind of stress (ie. Compression, bending, twisting, shear…) - Healing most often requires immobilization in a cast. However, smaller bones cannot be set in a cast.

3. Sport Inuries Stress Fracture -Result from overuse rather than trauma. -Repetitive forces transmitted through the bones produce irritations at specific spots on the bone (marathon runners). -Pain starts as a dull ache but progresses each day. -Recommended to stop activity for at least 14 days. Can become fractures in time.

5. Sport Injuries Dislocations -Occurs when one bone in a joint is forced out of its normal alignment (ie. shoulder). -Often results in rupture of surrounding tissue. -Joint is vulnerable to more dislocation. -Dislocations should never be immediately reduced, need to rule out fracture possibility -Before taken to physician, injury should be splinted.

7. Sport Injuries Sprains -Injury to a ligament. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Grade 1 Sprain -Some stretching of ligaments occurs -Expect mild to moderate pain, localized swelling, joint stiffness

8. Sport Injuries Grade 2 Sprain -Some tearing and separation of the ligament -Moderate joint instability -Moderate to severe pain, general swelling Grade 3 Sprain -Total tearing of ligament, major joint instability -Severe pain may be followed by no pain -Swelling may be great, joint becomes very stiff, may require surgery

9. Initial management of sprains include ice, compression, elevation, rest, and protection.

10. Sport Injuries Contusions -An external blow causes soft tissue to be compressed against hard bone underneath -Capillaries are torn, which allows bleeding into tissues causing blue-purple discoloration -Calcium deposits may result with repeated trauma -Ice, rest and protection will help manage this injury

12. Sports Injuries Concussion (Brain Contusion) -An external blow to the head which causes an injury to the brain -A mild concussion may involve no loss of consciousness (being "dazed") or a very brief loss of consciousness (being "knocked out"). -A severe concussion may involve prolonged loss of consciousness with a delayed return to normal.

13. Sports Injuries -Apply ice to area of impact and limit victim movement -No activity for 1-4 weeks -Post-concussion Syndrome: experience of headache, nausea, or difficulty concentrating for weeks after injury -Second Impact Syndrome: repeated concussions (especially in quick succession) can result in fatal brain swelling

14. Sport Injuries Strains -Tearing of the muscle fiber -Occur when a muscle is overstretched or forced to contract against too much resistance Grade 1 Strain -Some muscle fibers stretched or torn -Movement is painful but full range is possible

15. Sport Injuries Grade 2 Strain -A number of muscle fibers have been torn -Movement is extremely painful -Swelling and discoloration may occur Grade 3 Strain -Complete rupture of the muscle -May be total loss of movement -Pain is intense then subsides due to nerve damage

16. -Ice and rest are best for initial management of this injury -Heat and ultrasound may be used for long term rehabilitation

17. Sport Injuries Muscle Soreness -Overexertion in strenuous muscular exercise results in muscular pain -Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs 12-48 hrs. after exercise -Muscular pain, stiffness, and resistance to stretching is present -Preventable by gradually increasing exercise from moderate to intense over time

18. Sport Injuries - Treatment of DOMS includes ice and PNF stretching