1. Mechanisms and Types of Trauma

2. Vitals Review
(Sport Science: tennis ball to groin)

3. What is “Trauma”
Trauma: “a physical injury or wound sustained in sport and produced by an external or internal force” (Prentice)

4. Tissue Properties
Load: “outside force or forces acting on the tissue” (Prentice)
Stress: “internal resistance to an external load” (Prentice)
Strain: “extent of deformation of tissue under loading” (Prentice)
Tissue is elastic [some more than others (bone vs msl)]
Certain amount of strain/deformation is normal

5. Strain

6. Tissue Properties cont.
Yield Point: “elastic limit of tissue” (Prentice)
Mechanical Failure: “elastic limit of tissue is exceeded, resulting in tissue damage” (Prentice)

7. Types of Stress Tension- pulling or stretching of a tissue
Types of Stress
Tension- pulling or stretching of a tissue
Ex: traction injuries, headaches
Stretching- muscle stretching beyond yield point
Ex: msl strains, lig sprains, avulsion injuries
Compression- crushes tissue (with enough energy)
Tissue can absorb some, but only to certain extent

8. Types of Stresses
Shearing- force moving across tissue in parallel fashion
Ex: blisters, abrasions
Bending- force along horizontal aspect of tissue
Ex: fractures of bones

9. Types of Skin Wounds
Friction Blister- collection of fluid below or within the epidermis of the skin
Abrasion- dermis and epidermis are scraped away after contact with a surface, exposing capillaries
Contusion- a blow causes bleeding under the skin

10. Types of Skin Wounds Incision- skin is sharply cut (well-defined cut)
Laceration- skin is irregularly torn (not well-defined)
Puncture Wound- penetration of an object through the skin
Avulsion- skin is ripped away from its source

12. Caring for Skin Wounds Assume that wound is contaminated
Clean well with soap and water or chemical agent
Avoid bacterial solutions and hydrogen peroxide initially if possible
Dress with sterile dressing to prevent further contamination
Change dressing regularly
Antibacterial agents used later during changing of dressing to eliminate surface bacteria

13. Question of the Day… What are the five types of tissue stresses?
Tension, Stretching, Compression, Shearing, and Bending

14. Signs of Infection Pain Heat Swelling
Increased cellular activity and blood flow results in warmth
Swelling
Sign of inflammatory response
T-cells, B-cells, other cells at work at work

15. Signs of Infection Redness Pus accumulation Dysfunction Fever
Surrounding wound and extending from wound (usually along path of veins)
Pus accumulation
Increased presence of white blood cells that are full of waste from phagocytosis
Dysfunction
Fever
Increased temperature to try and kill invading microorganisms