1. Sport Injuries Types of Injury Fractures
– Occur as a result of extreme stress placed on bones.
- Different types of fractures can occur based on the kind of stress (ie. Compression, bending, twisting, shear…)
Management: RICE and immobilization. Healing most often requires immobilization in a cast, or soft splint. However, smaller bones cannot be cast and may require splint.

3. Sport Injuries Stress Fracture Result from overuse rather than trauma.
Repetitive forces transmitted through the bones produce irritations at specific spots on the bone (marathon runners).
Pain starts as a dull ache but progresses each day.
Management: RICE. Recommended to stop activity for at least 14 days. Can become fractures in time.

5. Sport Injuries Dislocations
Occurs when one bone in a joint is forced out of its normal alignment (ie. shoulder).
Often results in rupture of surrounding tissue.
Joint is vulnerable to more dislocation.
Dislocations should never be immediately reduced, need to rule out fracture possibility
Management: RICE. Reduced by physician only! Before taken to physician, injury should be splinted.

7. Sport Injuries Sprains
Injury to a ligament. Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Grade 1 Sprain
Some stretching of ligaments occurs
Expect mild to moderate pain, localized swelling, joint stiffness

8. Sport Injuries Grade 2 Sprain
Some tearing and separation of the ligament
Moderate joint instability
Moderate to severe pain, general swelling
Grade 3 Sprain
Total tearing of ligament, major joint instability
Usually need exceptional load
Severe pain may be followed by no pain
Swelling may be great, joint becomes very stiff, may require surgery

9. - Initial management of sprains: RICE
Weight-bearing activity as soon as can be endured
Heat can be applied after initial 48 hrs. of RICE to relax tight ligaments

10. Sport Injuries Contusions
An external blow causes soft tissue to be compressed against hard bone underneath
Capillaries are torn, which allows bleeding into tissues causing blue-purple discoloration
Calcium deposits may result with repeated trauma
Management: RICE and protect this injury

12. Sports Injuries Concussion (Brain Contusion)
An external blow to the head which causes an injury to the brain
A mild concussion may involve no loss of consciousness (being "dazed") or a very brief loss of consciousness (being "knocked out").
A severe concussion may involve prolonged loss of consciousness with a delayed return to normal.

13. Sports Injuries Management:
- Apply ice to area of impact and limit victim movement
No activity until asymptomatic
Return to activity follows concussion protocol.
Risks:
Post-concussion Syndrome: experience of headache, nausea, or difficulty concentrating for weeks after injury
Second Impact Syndrome: repeated concussions (especially in quick succession) can result in fatal brain swelling

14. Sport Injuries Strains Tearing of the muscle fiber
Occur when a muscle is overstretched or forced to contract against too much resistance
Grade 1 Strain
Some muscle fibers stretched or torn
Movement is painful but full range is possible

15. Sport Injuries Grade 2 Strain A number of muscle fibers have been torn
Movement is extremely painful
Swelling and discoloration may occur
Grade 3 Strain
Complete rupture of the muscle
May be total loss of movement
Pain is intense then subsides due to nerve damage

16. Hamstring is most common strain (rapid contraction in stretched position). Often due to muscle imbalance.
Management: RICE. Heat and ultrasound may be used for long term rehabilitation. Rehab is longer than sprain because complete muscle rest is required.

17. Sport Injuries Muscle Spasms (Cramps)
Involuntary contraction of the muscle (ie. Gastrocnemius)
Pain and tightness associated
May be result of dehydration, loss of electrolytes, or muscle fatigue
Can last seconds or a number of minutes.
Muscle should be manually stretched and massaged to help relax the muscle. Hold the muscle in stretched position until the spasm eventually stops.
Chronic spasms (ie. Lower back) should be treated with RICE and a good stretching program. Heat / muscle relaxants provides temporary relief.

18. Sport Injuries Muscle Soreness
Overexertion in strenuous muscular exercise results in muscular pain
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs hrs. after exercise
Muscular pain, stiffness, and resistance to stretching is present
Preventable by gradually increasing exercise from moderate to intense over time

19. Sport Injuries
Management: RICE and PNF stretching