1. Tissue Injuries in Sports

2. Cell Tissue
Cell: smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently
Tissue: A collection of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function
Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System ->Organism

3. Layers of Skin

4. The Two Main Layers of Skin
The upper barrier layer (epidermis)
The epidermal layers provide the barrier layer, which resists bacterial entry and prevents fluid and electrolyte loss.
The lower, much thicker, dermis.
The dermis is well vascularized (veins, arteries, and capillaries) and also contains receptors for touch, temperature and pain.

5. Sports and soft tissue injuries:
About 95 percent of sports injuries are due to minor trauma involving soft tissue injuries -- bruises, muscle pulls, sprains, strains, and cuts or abrasions.

6. Soft Tissue Injuries

7. Puncture Wound

8. How are puncture wounds different?
There are two risks with puncture wounds.
First, a wound infection can occur because of dirt pushed deep into the skin by the object (typically a nail) puncturing the tissue.

9. Puncture Wounds
The second problem that can occur is an infection of the bone.
If a nail penetrates deep into the foot, it can hit a bone and introduce bacteria into the bone.

10. Puncture Wound
This risk is especially great if the nail has gone through a pair of tennis shoes.
The foam in tennis shoes can harbor a bacteria (Pseudomonas) that can lead to serious infection in the tissues.

11. Puncture Wound

12. Laceration Vs. Puncture Wound

13. Laceration
Laceration: A cut.

15. Incision
A surgical cut.

16. Abrasion
is a wearing away of the upper layer of skin as a result of applied friction force.
In dentistry an "abrasion" is the wearing away of the tooth substance.

17. Abrasion
An open wound, road burn, or rug burn in which the outer layer of skin has been scraped off.

18. Corneal Abrasion

19. Blister
A bubble like collection of fluid beneath or within the epidermis of the skin.

20. Callus
1. A localized firm thickening of the upper layer of skin as a result of repetitive friction.
2. The hard new bone substance that forms in an area of bone fracture. Bony callus is part of the bone repair process.

21. Callus

22. Callus of the Bone

23. Sprains
About one-third of all sports injuries are classified as sprains, a partial or complete tear of a ligament –
Ligament- a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects the ends of bones and stabilizes the joint.

24. Tendon vs. Ligament

25. Signs and Symptoms of a Sprain
a feeling that a joint is "loose" or unstable
inability to bear weight because of pain
loss of motion
the sound or feeling of a "pop" or "snap" when the injury occurred
swelling (edema)
Sometimes ecchymosis will appear several days later.

26. Sprain

27. Sprain

28. Strains A strain is a partial or complete tear of a muscle or tendon.
Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract and make the body move.
A tendon consists of tough connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones

29. Strain

30. Contusions - The most common sports injury is a contusion, or bruise –
a result of a blunt injury causes underlying bleeding in a muscle or other soft tissues.

32. Contusion

33. Using a donut pad

34. Hematoma Chicago defenseman Sami Lepisto
Chicago defenseman Sami Lepisto: blocked slapshot.

35. Treatment
Treatment for soft tissue injuries usually consists of R.I.C.E.
Rest, Ice, Compression (wrapping with elastic bandages), and Elevation of the injured arm, hand, leg or foot.
P.R.I.C.E.S. –Protection….Support

36. Sports and Skeletal injuries:
A sudden, violent collision with another player, an accident with sports equipment, or a severe fall can cause skeletal injuries in the athlete, including fractures.
Fractures constitute a low 5 to 6 percent of all sports injuries. Most of these breaks occur in the arms and legs. Rarely are the spine and skull fractured.

37. Dislocation

38. Dislocation
A dislocation is a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint.
A dislocated bone is no longer in its normal position.
A dislocation may also cause ligament or nerve damage or blood vessel damage.

39. Dislocation

40. Subluxation
Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint. A complete dislocation is a luxation.

41. Bone Fracture
bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone is cracked or broken.

42. Forearm Fracture

43. Skeletal Fracture

45. Bony Callus Formation 1. Hematoma forms at break
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus will fill the space
3. Bony callus formed by osteoblasts.
4. Osteoblasts build new compact bone and osteoclasts create new medullary cavity.

46. Fractures

47. Reduction
Returning displaced or dislocated bones to their normal location

48. SHOULDER REDUCTION Sedation Apply traction and counter traction
Lift humeral head into the glenoid
THIS IS DONE BY TRAINED PROFESSIONALS ONLY!

49. Stress Fracture
Stress fractures occur frequently because of continuing overuse of a joint.
The main symptom of a stress fracture is pain.
The most frequent places stress fractures occur are the tibia (the larger leg bone below the knee), fibula (the outer and thinner leg bone below the knee), and foot.

50. Stress Fracture

51. Grades of Injury
A first degree sprain is a tear of a minimum number of fibers of the ligament.
A second degree sprain is a partial rupture and a disruption of more fibers but with some instability.
A total rupture is a complete disruption of the ligament resulting in joint instability. It is a very severe injury and is also referred to a third degree sprain.       

52. Grades
 The varying grades of sprain can be compared to a stretch of a thick rubber band that is put on a sustained or increasing stretch.
Starting with the tear of a few individual fibers more and more fibers give way, till the rubber band tears across totally.

53. First Degree Sprain

54. Second Degree Sprain

55. Third Degree Sprain

56. Grade I Ankle Sprain

57. Grade 2

58. Grade 3

59. ACL Tear

60. SPORTS INJURIES

61. Chronic and Acute
Chronic injuries are caused by continuous stress over a long period of time
i.e. Golfers elbow, tennis elbow, shin splints
Acute are caused by sudden stress
i.e. Fractures, strains, sprains, concussion

62. How to prevent injuries
Use correct equipment / clothing
Environment
Correct technique
Rules / officials
Warm up / cool down
Equal opponents

63. Soft Tissue OPEN or CLOSED
Open – skin damaged i.e. Cuts, blisters, grazes
Closed – no external bleeding i.e. Bruises, strains, sprains, dislocations, cartilage damage

64. Hard Tissue Bone damage OPEN (compound) or CLOSED (simple)
Usually accompanied by bruising and swelling (vessel damage)
Lots of pain (damaged nerves)

65. Stress Fractures Most bone injuries are acute
Stress fracture is Chronic and is a crack along the length of the bone
Shin splints are a form of stress fractures.

66. Categories of injuries
SOFT TISSUE / HARD TISSUE
OPEN / CLOSED
ACUTE / CHRONIC
Examples
A closed hard tissue injury…
An open soft tissue injury…
A closed soft tissue injury…
An acute soft tissue injury…
A chronic hard tissue injury…

67. Treatment – soft tissue
Rest – stop immediately
Ice – blood vessels contract to stop further swelling
Compression – reduce swelling (not too tight)
Elevation – blood flow reduced as working against gravity

68. Prevention Procedures for Blood-Borne Pathogens
Hepatitis B Virus Immunization
All persons with potential exposure to blood-borne pathogens
Protective Equipment
Gloves
Eye guards
Masks
Gowns
Resuscitation devices
Personal Hygiene
Hand washing
Towelettes
No application of cosmetics
Disinfection
Disinfect all surfaces
Biohazardous containers
Sharps
Linen
Disposable
No eating at work stations

69. For the Following Pictures:
Identify the following:
SOFT TISSUE / HARD TISSUE
OPEN / CLOSED
ACUTE / CHRONIC
LOCATION ON BODY: A/P,M/L,etc
STRUCTURES: BONES,LIGAMENTS, etc.

70. What is this a picture of?

71. What is this a picture of?

72. What is this a picture of?

73. What is this a picture of