England’s Transformation 17th Century

The Stuarts 1603 – Queen Elizabeth (Tudor) dies James IV  James I (Stuart) Absolutist Divine –right

$ Issues (problems for the Stuart Kings) Debt – (Elizabeth’s Wars) Traditional methods of raising money for kings Raising Taxes - problem – Parliament (nobility) claim right to approve it and want power over king in return Selling Noble titles to rich merchants (undermines idea that nobility is special) Selling their own Lands – problem – Monarchs have less and less through the years

New taxes = rise in nobles power (Magna Carta) Ex: 1621 – Parliamen gains power to impeach government officials appointed by the king *Always a cost! Kings try to raise funds without going through Parliament

Parliament Lords Nobility House of Commons Gentry - Mostly Puritan

Charles I 1625 Forced rich merchants to give him loans Billeting of soldiers (housing them in your home) Martial law – putting towns that won’t cooperate and pay him under military law ** These methods were not lawful

1628 – Petition of Right Parliament agrees to raise taxes if Charles adheres to Magna Carta No more billeting

Religious Issues Puritan vs. Anglican tension William Laud (Archbishop) – tries to force all to be Anglican Puritans (want to purify the church of “superstition” & “false ritual”) Disapprove of Laud & Anglicans American migrations (Pilgrims)

1639 – War with Scotland Charles weak Calls Parliament for funds toi fight the Scots

1640 – The Long Parliament Parliament wants to stick it to the king in his hour of need Puritan majority will give Charles funds if he agrees to 19 Propositions including: Only Parliament can raise army Parliament superiorto the king King Attempted to arrest leaders of Parliament

Civil War Cavaliers (kings army) vs. Roundheads (Parliaments Army) Religion is a factor Royal power (Absolutism??)– ultimate factor

New Model Army Oliver Cromwell leads parliaments troops Disciplined army – advancement based on merit

Roundhead’s Successful Charles I Captured Charged with “illegal deaths and governing in a tyrannical way oppositional to the limitations on the kings power” Beheaded 1/30/1649

The Commonwealth 1649-53 Cromwell is “Lord Protector” Sets up a Military dictatorship

The Protectorate 1653-1659 Cromwell gets rid of Parliament completely 12 military districts Puritan anti-Vice Laws No theater No Sports No Dancing No Gambling No Swearing

The Restoration Cromwell dies 1658 – son forced to resign by Lords returning to Parliament Charles II (son of the late king) restored to throne

The Catholic Issue 1685 – death of Charles II James II his Catholic brother succeeds him

James II Grants Catholics religious freedom Arrests Archbishop of Canterbury Has a Catholic son who will be his heir Parliament wants his Protestant daughter Mary to claim the throne

The Glorious Revolution William of Orange Netherlands Prince & wife Mary Stuart Protestant Dutch Army invades British Army allow it James Flees

English Bill of Rights Signed by William and Mary king and queen will obey laws made by Parliament No taxes w/out Parliament Parliament controls army Magna Carta reinforced Monarch’s are not above the law