2.  In 1603, Elizabeth died. She never married, so there were no heirs to continue the Tudor Dynasty  Mary Stuart’s son, James I became the King of England— started Stuart Dynasty in England

4.  James I and Parliament did not get along for various reasons.  Strong Belief in Divine Right and would not listen to Parliament – › “The state of monarchy... is the supremest thing upon earth: for Kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon throne, but even by God himself they are called Gods.”

5.  Problems between King James I and Parliament: › James I had to ask Parliament for money to finance the government and lifestyle. › Established taxes without Parliaments consent. › Offended Puritan members of Parliament by not purifying the church of Catholic practices (Only agreed for a new translation – King James Bible)

7. Charles I  When James I died in 1625, his son Charles I became king  Charles was “worse” than James: › Charles believed in divine right & absolute monarchy; refused to discuss ideas with Parliament—only called Parliament when he needed money › Both James I and Charles I needed money often due to the debts incurred from wars with Spain.

8.  England tries to impose the Anglican Church on Scotland and the Scottish rebel.  Charles calls Parliament for money  Parliament refuses to give him money unless he signs the Petition of Rights : › King could not jail people without a good reason › King could not make taxes without Parliament's approval › King could not keep his soldiers in peoples’ homes & could not use the army to maintain order during peacetime

10.  Charles I reluctantly agreed and refused to call another Parliament for 11 years until he needed money to end revolts in Ireland & Scotland  Parliament refused to give him money needed for war. › Charles went to arrest the 5 leaders of Parliament › They escaped and war was about to begin!  King Charles I leads troops (Cavaliers) to arrest members of Parliament and Parliament raises troops (Roundheads) against the King.

12.  At first neither side could gain a lasting advantage  By 1644 the Roundheads found a leader and general who could win – Oliver Cromwell  Established a Model Army  In 1647 they captured King Charles and held him prisoner.

14. Charles was brought to trial and found guilty for, murder, treason, and public enemy. Never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution. Sent shock waves across Europe. If a monarch can be executed in England they can be executed anywhere.

16. Commonwealth  After the Civil War, a Commonwealth was created—type of government with no king & ruled by Parliament (Republic)  Oliver Cromwell is declared Lord Protectorate, but soon becomes a military dictator.

17.  Cromwell was a strong ruler though not well liked. He & the Puritans forced strict religious rules on the people of England:  It was illegal to go to theaters & sporting events; books were banned, swearing, etc.  Citizens hated living this way & began to want to bring back a king again

19.  With the death of Cromwell in 1658, Parliament is restored and they vote to bring back Charles I son – Charles II  The people of England rejoiced when Charles II returned and the monarchy was restored.

20.  Charles II learned the lessons of his father & Grandfather: › Did not try to rule by divine right nor threaten Parliament’s authority › Anglicanism was the official religion, but treated Puritans & Catholics equally

21.  When Charles II died, his very Catholic brother became King of England.  James II soon upset many of his subjects and broke religious laws by appointing Catholics to the government and university positions.  After the birth of a son, many feared a long line of Catholic kings.

23.  James II had an older daughter, Mary, who was Protestant.  She was also the wife of William of Orange, a prince of the Netherlands.  Some members of Parliament came to Mary and William and asked them to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism  William then led his army to London in 1688. Before any blood was shed James fled to France.

24.  At William and Mary’s coronation, they vowed to recognize Parliament as a partner in governing – established a constitutional monarchy  Bill of Rights – limited royal power. › No suspending Parliament laws › No new taxes w/o a grant from Parliament › Parliament granted freedom of speech › Citizens can petition the king about grievances w/o penalty

26.  During the 1700s a new group of government ministers, or cabinet, arose.  These cabinet members acted in the ruler’s name and was the link between monarch and the major party in Parliament.  Over time the cabinet grew in power – The leader of the majority party in Parliament heads the cabinet and is called the Prime Minister.