Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Section 2: Reaction and Revolution Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism Section 4: Romanticism and Realism Visual Summary Chapter Menu

The Industrial Revolution What were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution? Chapter Intro 1

The BIG Idea New Technologies The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived and worked. Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary enclosure movement capital entrepreneurs cottage industry puddling industrial capitalism socialism Section 1-Key Terms

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution. Section 1

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Factors in Great Britain becoming the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution: Farming became more efficient, producing more food at lower prices and ability to feed more people causing growth in population. Good weather, improved transportation, new crops like potatoes The enclosure movement, fencing off common lands, caused many peasants to move to towns, increasing the labor supply. Section 1

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) The wealthy merchant class of Britain had a ready supply of capital to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Entrepreneurs devised new business methods and ways to make profits. Britain had plentiful natural resources, such as water, coal, and iron ore. Section 1

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Britain’s vast colonial empire gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for goods. Changes in Cotton Production Manufacturing cotton into cloth was a 2-step process done in people’s homes (cottages) 1.spin cotton into thread 2.weave the cotton thread into cloth on looms In the eighteenth century, cotton production using the cottage industry system was made inefficient by a series of new technological advances. Section 1

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) New technological advances, such as the spinning jenny (allowed for thread to be produced faster) and flying shuttle (made weaving faster), gave Britain an advantage in producing inexpensive cotton goods. Edmund Cartwright - Water-powered loom – allowed for factories to be built along streams and rivers instead of in people’s homes. The cotton industry became more productive when Scottish engineer James Watt modified his steam engine to drive machinery. Steam engines were powered by coal so factories could be built in cities not along rivers. Section 1

British cotton cloth production increased dramatically 1760 – imported 2.5 million pounds of cotton 1787 – 22 million pounds 1840 – 366 million pounds Cotton cloth is one of Britain’s most valuable product, sold everywhere in the world.

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution, leading to an expansion of the coal and iron industries. Henry Cort – developed puddling which was a process used to make high quality iron for the production of new machines, especially trains. (Production of iron went from 17,000 tons a year to 70,000 tons) Factory owners wanted to use their machinery constantly, so laborers worked regular shift hours and machines ran continuously, forcing workers to do the same thing over and over. Coming to work late caused fines or people to be fired. Misconduct like drunkenness led to fines and firing. Child labor was common – children kept in line by beatings or whippings Section 1

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) Railroads moved and manufactured goods more efficiently. Richard Trevithick – built first steam train – pulled 10 tons, carried 70 people, and went 5 mph. The first commercial railroad, Stockington & Darlington connected the cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester to the port of Liverpool. (32 miles of track) Social Changes of Industrialization Section 1

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) Railroads were a key component of the Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing economic growth. By 1840, trains could move at 50mph. 1850 – 6000 miles of railroad tracks crossed Britain Created new jobs for farm laborers & peasants Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, creating larger markets More factories and more machinery Section 1

Which is not a ripple effect caused by railroad expansion? A. New jobs were created to build the railroads. B. Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods. C. People in rural areas could now travel to the cities to work. D. More sales meant more profit to invest in more machinery. A B C D Section 1

The Spread of Industrialization The pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended on many factors, including government policy. Section 1

The Spread of Industrialization (cont.) Governments in Belgium, France, and the German states supported industrialization and provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads. When the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link East and West. Section 1

The Spread of Industrialization (cont.) In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, improving transportation on the waterways. Eventually, railroads provided the most effective means of transportation. As farmers and immigrants filled the cities, a labor force became available to the factory owners. Women and children, who were paid lower wages, often worked in the factories. Section 1

What did Robert Fulton build? A. Steamboats B. Railroads C. Canals D. Turnpikes and roads A B C D Section 1

Social Impact in Europe Industrialization urbanized Europe and created new social classes, as well as the conditions for the rise of socialism. Section 1

Social Impact in Europe European cities and towns grew dramatically by 1850. Factories were built in towns and cities to take advantage of their increasing populations. 1800 – London – 1 million by 1850 – 2.5 million 1800 - Six cities had populations between 50,000 and 100,000 1850 - Nine cities had populations over 100,000 1850 – 18 cities had populations between 50,000 and 100,000 50% of the population lived in towns and cities. The rapid growth of cities led to overcrowding, disease, and poverty. Almost 1 million Irish died during the potato famine Industrial capitalism rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle class that built the factories, bought the machinery, and developed the markets. Section 1

Social Impact in Europe (cont.) The Industrial Revolution also led to the development of an industrial working class. The working class had little protection from factory and mine owners and faced dangerous working conditions like cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes. Cramped conditions in mines and their constant dampness led to workers’ deformed bodies and ruined lungs. Women and children made up a significant portion of the labor force due to their low wages. Section 1

Social Impact in Europe (cont.) Cotton mills – dirty, dusty, dangerous 14 hour days in either frigid temps or 80-85 degree heat Reformers of these pitiful, harsh working conditions gave rise to socialism and believed that public ownership (society owns and controls all aspects of production) would allow wealth to be more evenly distributed Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen believed that an ideal society could be created through socialism. Section 1

Section 1-End

INDUSTRIALIZATION Transformed Society The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread throughout Europe and the United States. New technologies improved the production and transportation of goods. Workers migrated to cities as economies shifted from being farm-based to factory-based. As cities grew, an industrial middle class and an industrial working class emerged. VS 1

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enclosure movement in Great Britain during the 1700s, the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town Vocab1

capital money available for investment Vocab2

entrepreneur a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits Vocab3

cottage industry a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes Vocab4

puddling process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron Vocab5

industrial capitalism an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing Vocab6

socialism a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production Vocab7