1. Industrial Revolution: Innovations in Textiles & Transportation

2. Industrial Revolution:
the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century (1700s), from making goods by hand to making them by machine
Industrialization: the development of industries for the machine production of goods

3. another word for cloth, or woven fabric
Textiles:
cotton, linen, wool,
another word for cloth, or woven fabric
The way textiles were made was one of the first changes that came about during the Industrial Revolution.
The innovations in textile manufacturing led to more invention and the mechanization and industrialization of other work.

4. the PBS video Mill Times

5. The Domestic System a.k.a. cottage industry
Pre-Industrial Revolution (1600s – early 1700s)
Cloth produced by hand at home

6. The Domestic System of Making Cloth

7. Innovations in Manufacturing
Innovations in manufacturing in the late 1700s transformed the production of cloth
Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process of how spinners and weavers made cloth

8. The Factory System Domestic System  Factory System
Factory System: Manufacturing of goods concentrated in in a central location
Factory system was based on:
workers produce goods in a factory
division of labor to speed up process
keep cost of making products low
mass production

10. In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, factories needed to be located near rivers to use water power, which limits where factories could be built

11. Energy Sources
Before the Industrial Revolution, the main sources of energy were: human, animal, wood, and water power

12. Innovations in Energy
Coal is a brownish-black sedimentary rock that is extracted from the earth from underground mining
It can be set on fire and it burns at a high temperature for a long period of time

13. James Watt’s steam engine turned heat from burning coal into movement through a series of valves and gears
Used to run machines at great speeds for long periods of time and on a large scale
Made it possible to build factories away from coal fields

14. How a Steam Engine Works Animation

15. Major Changes in Textiles
Handmade goods  machine-made goods
Domestic system  factory system
Producing small amounts  mass production
Technological improvements & inventions
Increased use of science & new forms of energy to speed up production

16. So what happens to the cost of items?
Mass produced textiles decrease the prices
with decreased prices, more people can afford the factory produced textiles
people demand more factory clothing
more factories are built to meet the new rising demand
more people are employed in the factories

17. Regents MC Check for Understanding
The introduction of new textile machines in England during the start of the Industrial Revolution increased the employment of textile workers because the (1) imported foreign textiles were superior to domestic textiles (2) division of labor that developed required more workers to produce the same amount of goods (3) cost of machine-made textiles fell rapidly, leading to greater demand (4) newly developed machinery was less efficient than the hand labor that it replaced

18. Britain’s Economic Strength
Britain had an expanding economy because of its colonies
Colonies provided raw materials and a market to sell to
Britain had a highly developed banking system
bank loans encouraged people to borrow $ & invest in new machinery

19. Available money + improvements in textile technology = expansion of production
Factors of Production: the resources—including land, labor, and capital ($)—that are needed to produce goods and services
Britain had all the factors of production to allow for the Industrial Revolution to begin

20. Entrepreneurial Support
Inventions were expensive to make and perfect
So inventors were often backed by entrepreneurs
Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, & takes on the risks of a business
Person who is willing to invest $ into new inventions & products in hopes of making a profit

21. Innovations in Transportation
Growth of the textile industry led to progress in other areas
As trade increased in the mid-1700s, merchants needed better methods of transportation for their goods

22. Turnpikes were new roads that required users to pay tolls
Tolls were used to pay for road repairs and upgrades
A pike was a barrier that laid across and was moved after toll was paid

23. Canals are man-made waterways used to transport people and goods
Usually connect to a larger body of water (river, lake, sea)
The need to transport heavy fuel like coal made transporting over land less effective
Large canal systems were built all over England and other countries

24. Canals
How a canal works

25. The steam engine was also used in transportation - steamboat
first commercially successful trip in 1807 was Robert Fulton’s Clermont on the Hudson River

26. Locomotives (Trains)
1500s s, railroad tracks moved goods using human or animal power
1804 the steam engine was added to the locomotive

27. Before the locomotives, the fastest way to travel overland was on horseback
Averaged 30 mph
Needed frequent stops for rest
Carried very little weight
Use of locomotives by 1829
Averaged 29 mph (by 1929 – 120 mph)
Only required fuel (like coal) to move
Could pull massive load

29. Impact of the use of railroads:
Railroad construction required vast amounts of coal, iron & steel  growth of heavy industry
Created new jobs (railroad workers & coal miners)
Provided cheap transportation of goods (agricultural & industrial goods)
Transportation of people for work or pleasure

32. Industrialization by 1850