Unit 2: Migration Part II Chain Migration and Relocation

Catalysts of Migration Economic conditions- poverty and a desire for opportunity. Political conditions- persecution, expulsion, or war. Environmental conditions- crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine. Culture and tradition- threatened by change. Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability. Poverty has driven millions from their homelands-North America has received many legal and illegal immigrants from Mediterranean, Caribbean, across the Rio Grande Political-oppressive regimes-Mariel Boatlift from Cuba 125,000, Boat People from Vietnam in 1970s and 80s. Armed Conflict-War-Rwanda-militant Hutus versus minority Tutsi and moderate Hutus-600,000 died in out migration-2 million fled to Zaire Environmental-potato famine 1840s Ireland, also floods, drought, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. Threat to Culture and Tradition-India-Pakistan, Millions fled, Soviet Jews fled to Israel. Technological advances-easier and cheaper to sail or fly, also air-conditioning made south and southwest US more desirable. Photo is of Italian Immigrants at Ellis Island, New York in 1905.

Kinship links-allows migrants to communicate with family members Chain migration-migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality already there. Step migration-short moves in stages-e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro Intervening opportunity-alternative destinations that can be reached more quickly and easily and offer benefits to the migrant Intervening obstacle-keeps migrant from reaching their original destination

Where have people migrated? Europe to North America Southern Europe to South and Central America Britain/Ireland to Africa and Australia Africa to Americas (Slaves) India to East Africa, SE Asia and Caribbean

Economic Opportunities Islands of Development – Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated, usually centered along the coast.

Economic Opportunities In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

Reconnecting Cultural Groups About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948. After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

Internal Migration Migration that occurs within a country’s borders. Examples/Reasons for internal vs. international: same language, familiar cultural aspects, shorter distances traveled

INTERNAL MIGRATIONS Two Types: Intraregional Interregional http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/17/u-s- migration-flows/

Intraregional Migration Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved within one geographic realm (region) of a country Current examples: Rural to urban: increases with development, ¾ of core countries population in urban areas Urban to suburban: lifestyle changes (babies) Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: called counter-urbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city

Interregional Migrations Interregional Migration-people moving or being moved from one geographic realm (region) to another within a country From South Current USA examples: Movement North to South, and East to West Net migration (immigrants-emigrants) Figures as of 2010 South-(+1,419,000) Northeast-(-915,000) Midwest-(-533,000) West-(+29,000) refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States Rural to urban areas to find work

Interregional Migrations Current World examples: To Brazil’s interior: Brasilia to North in Italy, and North to South in the UK for Jobs

External Migration Movement across country borders Also called International migration Emigrant: one who migrates out of a country Subtracts from total population Immigrant: one who migrates into a country Adds to total population

Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950

Global Migration Patterns From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more-developed Stage 4 or Stage 5 countries 3 largest migration flows Asia to Europe Asia to North America Latin America to North America Net In Migration: North America, Europe, Oceania (more people moving in) Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa (more people moving out) ie. Vietnamese Boat People-moving out of Communist Vietnam

US Immigration Patterns Three main waves 1. Colonial America: 1607-1840 European settlement- 2 million, mostly British African slaves – 800, 000

Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

US Immigration Patterns 2. 19th century (1840-1910) 3 European Peaks 1840s and 1850s: -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany) 1880s: -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden) 1900-1910: -Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) ]

Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

US Immigration Patterns 3. Second-half of 20th century (1950-2008) Less developed regions Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

Immigration Policies USA Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of 1910 population Immigration Act of 1965 1968: Hemisphere quotas 1978: Global Quotas Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than 7% from each country Major Exceptions: family reunification, employment, talented, refugees

Immigration Policies Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery Countries with high Brain Drains: Jamaica, Mexico, China, Iran, Greece, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia- 75%, Haiti-85% Guest Workers: newly developed areas taking advantage of cheap “slave” labor Example: 85% of population of Dubai, UAE is guest workers from Time-Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia. American workers to lesser developed areas.

“True” Population Growth To accurately calculate a country’s population growth, we must include immigrants to see the impact they have on given states… Balancing Equation (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) This is more representative of what goes on in a country in regards to demographics. The above equation is much more accurate in depicting population issues than the Natural Increase Rate. Why?

The Future of Immigration in America SEE WHO’S COMING TO AMERICA

European Migration Complete European Migration Patterns (Lab)