Who is the “West” and why are they important? 1450-1750 Compare Russia’s interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West Who is the “West” and why are they important?

Why the “West”? The “West” ( Spain, Portugal, England. Netherland, Italian city-states were being impacted and impacting others due to their resurgence( exploration, colonization, mercantilism, renaissance, reformation, scientific revolution and enlightenment) Their interactions influences or were influenced by their contacts with other Empires. This fits the theme: Development and Interaction of cultures, State-building Expansion and conflict and Development and interaction of economic systems. Can Apply Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory to determine who dominant powers are and who exploited powers are Fits a multiple narrative ( Western Europe were more dynamic, Western Europe tapped into pre-existing patterns, Western Europe was the “last to the table”, Western Europe were still not as competitive this periodization as Asian Empires were

Mughal (MOH-guhl) India 1526-1761 Toleration – Akbar’s (r. 1556-1605) new “Divine Faith” (Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, Christian) Nanak’s Sikhs (1469-1539) 1723-Fragmentation favors European intrusions

Lessons Not Learned From the West Ottoman & Mughal decline/Changes in military tech & world economy- difficulty of basing land empire on military paid in land grants Money not in agriculture but in trade Seafaring countries turn trade networks into maritime empires (ship design, navigation, cannon) Joint-stock companies (English East India Co. 1600-Dutch E India Co. 1602

Ming China 1368-1644 International demand for silk, lacquered furniture Manufacturing: Assembly line production of porcelain (“china”) 16th c European merchants

Silverization Demand for silver opens ports at Macao and Canton Silver comes from “Manila Galleons” 16th Century Jesuits allowed to enter (Matteo Ricci) China not interested in European goods (clocks were like toys) Market gets glutted Manchu invaders fall of Ming

Kangxi 1662-1722 A Manchu Open to New Ideas Welcomes Jesuits Create European style maps Hold important offices Their medical knowledge (quinine) saves him from malaria Jesuits compromise to convert Chinese-allow Confucian ancestor worship/Pope objects & Kangxi orders all missionaries to sign a certificate accepting his position in support of Jesuits-breach develops, later Ching emperors persecuted them

Chinese Influence on Europeans Variolation (an early form of inoculation) Wealthy & aspiring middle classes demanded silk, tea, carved ivory (African finished in China) Wallpaper Voltaire proclaimed Ching Emperors model philosopher- kings who prevented aristocratic privilege-poems by Emperor Qianlong(1770’s)translated into French 1694-1778

Russia’s Peter the Great 1689-1725 At his enthronement, there were 100’s of western merchants in Moscow, European soldiers trained army in new weapons & techniques, Italian architects changed look of city 1697-1698/travels to Europe-success due to trade (money for weapons) & toleration (talented fleeing persecution) Modernizes & westernizes army, fashions, requires wives to end seclusion & attend functions, nobility educate their children

Russia’s “Westernization” was limited Civil & foreign wars in late 16th early 17th transformed peasants to serfs Tsars centralized power of expanding empire & rewarded nobles w/peasants Peasants could change masters during a 2 week period each year-so were treated better 1649 peasants-serfs/tied to land-runaways had to be returned to master

Tokugawa Japanese 1603-1853 Using guns within 30 yrs. of Portuguese landing in 1543 No interest in each other’s goods, so Dutch bought gold & silver in Japan to buy Chinese silk to resell

Tokugawa Japanese 1603-1853 Catholic missionaries converted 300,000 non-elites by early 17th 1614-new Shogun persecutes Christians & ends European trade to end influence Dutch on Nagasaki’s island spread weapons tech, shipbuilding math, astronomy, anatomy, geography “Dutch studies” Francis Xavier Died in Japan in 1552

Ottomans 1300-1922 1453-Use Hungarian cannon to take Constantinople Conquest of Balkans (late 14th) provided them w/Christian POWs for military slaves (Janissaries) 1718-1730 “Tulip Period” craze for high priced tulips-experimented w/European clothing, furniture & printing

AP World History Explainers/Changers 10,00 B.C.E-600( Unit 1 and2) 600-1450(BOXING) 1450-1750 (Door) 1750-1900 Dinner Party 1900-Present 1.Religion-rise of religion 2.Geography-impact of the environment, water, mts, etc. 3.Exchange-trade it or raid it !!!! Religion-growth,spread,clash/conflict of religions Hegemony-Byzantine, Tang/Song, Abbasid, Mongol Rise of a world system- pax Mongolica, trade, cities, explorers 1.6 themes of Western Europe(Renaissance, Reformations, Commercial Rev,Scientific Rev,Absolutism, Enlightenment) 2. Western Europe knocks on the door of the world 3.1600 Turning Point-defeat of Spanish Armada, Romanov Dynasty(Russia),end Ming-Qing,Tokugawa Shogunate and isolation, decline of Ottomans, Akbar. Jamestown, disaster in Latin America Industrialization-Imperialism ( W Europe,U.S,Russia, Japan, all industrialize, all imperialize Nationalism-unifier or seperafier,Germany, Italy, Ottoman()Revolutions-U.S,French, Haiti,L.A, Mexico Too little, too late-(Ottoman Tanzimat reforms, China-Taiping/Self strengthening, India-Sepoy Unresolved conflict- WWI, Depression, WWIII, Cold War, post Cold War Decolonization-broken promises, India is a model, Ghana, S Africa, Kenya violent, Middle East Global technology- people, goods, information, diseases quicker than ever, global groups

Comp Thesis Between 1450-1750 both the Ottoman and Russian Empires were highly suspicious of the imperial desires of the West while the Ottomans will attack European powers ( Siege of Vienna) Russia will selectively take ideas like a gunpowder navy from the “West”. The impacts of “western” contacts will benefit Russia powers as their empire will grow whilst the Ottoman would greatly reduce due to cultural insularity. Russia’s interaction with the “West” and that of China 1450- 1750 were similar in that they were both suspicious of the influence of the “West”, both limited their access with decrees and laws but China was so advanced that the relationship was mutually beneficial while ( aside from trading good) the backwardness of Russia led to a one-sided relationship. Russia and Japan were both isolated upon their initial interactions with the “West 1450-1750” and both were deeply suspicious of the exploitative nature of “Western” powers, however, Russia will continue their relationship with the “West” out of need to be globally competitive while the Japanese Tokugawa (Toku go away) Shogunate will maintain a closed door policy to “foreigners” Russia and the Mughal 1450-1750 had dynamic trading contacts with the “West” for important commodities whether it be spices, cotton or furs, both will be connected to the “West” through maritime contacts, however, Russia will centralize and limit “ Western” protectionism while the “ West” will exploit the fragmentation of the Mughal’s political, religious and geographic vulnerabilities