1. The Asian World in 1700 Chapter 22 p. 482

2. Asia and European Contact 1450- 1750 Europeans were not powerful enough to exploit Asia during 1450-1750 Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Asian goods since they had little or nothing the Asians valued Europeans were only able to trade successfully with Asia after they gained access to the New World’s precious metals

3. European Trade With Asia Using superior naval technology, the Portuguese were able to establish a trade network in the Indian Ocean by 1507 By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and the English had driven out the Portuguese The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands (modern Indonesia) The French and English concentrated on India

4. European Missionaries Roman Catholic Christianity was introduced into the Philippines by the Spanish, where it merged with local animistic beliefs and traditions Elsewhere in Asia, Christianity became a minority religion

5. Ming China 1368-1644 Oldest, largest, and richest civilization Part of the world economy, but foreign trade was only a small part of the Chinese economy Silk, porcelain, and cotton were major exports, with tea becoming increasingly important

6. Ming China’s Economic Impact on the World Ming China used silver as its monetary metal The Single Whip tax on all Chinese had to be paid in silver Therefore, Ming China was a major importer of silver in exchange for trade goods The largest source of silver was the Americas

7. Reforms made by Emperor Hongwu (1368 – 1398) Scholarly Gentry Civil Service Exam (rise in societal status) Abolished chief minister position Public beating of corrupt officials Exile rivals to remote provinces Limited the number of eunuchs in the Forbidden City *Neo-Confucianism –Social Order Economic Commercial growth due to peasants owning land- rise in production Trade limited to Macao /Canton

8. Ming China’s Agricultural Revolution New World crops such as corn, peppers, and the sweet potato were introduced to China Crop rotation Massive reforestation China’s population grew from 65 million in 1400 to 300 million by 1800

9. Ming China’s Commercial Revolution Population growth led to increased urbanization Small businesses specialized in porcelain, tea, silk, cotton, and paper manufacturing European trade with Ming China was tightly controlled by the Chinese government, which was wary of foreign influence

10. Decline and Fall of the Ming Little Ice Age related climate problems were especially severe in the early 1600s Incompetent emperors were unable to help Famine and natural disasters led to peasant rebellions In 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed the Ming, and established the Qing Dynasty

11. Japan

12. Japan 1450-1750 Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no central leadership (Emperor only ceremonial) 1543: Portuguese traders arrived in southern Japan. Other Europeans followed Portuguese and other Europeans served as middlemen, carrying goods between Japan and China

13. Territorial dispute today Senkaku Islands

14. Christianity in Japan Catholic missionaries led by Francis Xavier arrived beginning in 1549 Christianity had great appeal in Japan, and many converted, especially on island of Kyushu Japanese converts traveled to Europe to meet the Pope

16. Japan’s reaction to European contact Fascination with the “nanbanjin” Intense interest in learning about and from the Europeans Large amount of trade between Japanese and Europeans Jesuits in Japan p.501

17. Tokugawa Ieyasu By 1598, had managed to unify Japan under his rule Tokugawa Shogunate 1598-1868 Distrusted Europeans and Christians as potentially disloyal to his rule Restrictions placed on European traders and missionaries Japanese Christians were persecuted

18. Sakoju Jidai: National Seclusion By mid 1600s all European traders were banned except the Dutch Dutch traders were only allowed in Nagasaki Japanese were not allowed to travel abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to enter Christianity was suppressed

19. The Tokugawa Shogunate Centralized government under Confucian principles Four social classes 1. Samurai 2. Farmers 3. Artisans 4. Merchants

20. The Tokugawa Shogunate Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Kyoto, Osaka Rice was the staple crop Urban areas had many small businesses and industries Confucianist schools allowed most men and some women to become literate Dutch studies group studied European books in Nagasaki