1. GLOBAL INTERACTIONS C. 1450 - C. 1750
Source: AP World History Crash Course by: JP Harmon Ch 12; p 137
GLOBAL INTERACTIONS C C. 1750

2. Developing Governments
Chapter 12
c – c. 1750

3. Existing Governments Maintain or Increase Their Power

4. China Qing government fearful of Russia and the Mongols rising power
Military campaigned to expand the Qing empire as a buffer zone protecting them from Russia
Also ended any threat from Mongols
One of the great land empires

6. China Qing did not force Chinese culture on conquered peoples
Allowed local leaders to continue to rule as long as they obeyed Qing policies
Also practiced religious and cultural tolerance
Limited actions of pastoral nomads which reduced their numbers
Neglected trade routes along the Silk Roads because they preferring ocean trade

7. Russia The other great land empire in China
Ivan the Great (III) expelled the Mongols and began Russia’s history of expansion
Ivan the Terrible (VI) expanded into Siberia
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great added areas near the Black Sea

9. Russia
Russia also ended the era of nomadic pastorialists by encouraging farming
Placed restrictions on local peasants into “mita” type situations
Also tended to be religiously tolerant

10. Russia
Peter and Catherine also sought to “westernize” Russia to only moderate success
P – built a new “modern, western” city: St. Petersburg
Both modernized the military and invited foreign advisors in
C – attached Russia to the western Europe political and cultural system
C – invited immigrants to settle

11. Peter Catherine

12. Russia Continuities Serfdom Absolute Monarchy
Peter and Catherine could change this (Catherine started the process) but did not
Absolute Monarchy
Chose not to limit the power of the Tsar or Tsarina

13. Western Europe
Spain, England, Portugal and France choose to create sea based empires in the Americas
These colonies became a vital part of the mercantile system
Provided raw materials and “captive” markets
All sought to convert natives to Christianity

15. Differences in Governing the Americas
Spanish and Portuguese monarchs had a “hands-on” approach to governing their American colonies
Viceroys used as Kings representatives in colonies
Couldn’t make even the smallest decision
Dutch, French, English chose a “hands- off” policy
Salutory Neglect
Fostered an independent spirit which led to revolutions!!!

16. Absolute & Constitutional Monarchies
Spain, Russia, France and others held on to Absolute Monarchy
England shifted to a Parliamentary Monarchy in 1689

17. Ottoman Empire At it’s peak during this time
Defeated the shrinking Byzantine Empire in 1453
Geographically covered Europe, Asia and Africa
Ruled over Christians, Jews and Muslim

19. Ottoman Empire Ottoman leaders did not require Non-Muslims to convert
BUT non-Muslim families in Balkans required to turn over young boys to the army
System was called devshirme, boys were called Janissaries
trained in Islam and could rise in status by showing loyalty and ability
Many Christian parents volunteered their sons hoping for this boost in status

21. Ottoman Empire Reached limit when defeated at Vienna
Faced same dilemma as Russia, “Are we Asian or European?”
Hard for Europeans to take…distrust of Muslim motives

22. New Governments in Asia and Europe
Japan, India, Netherlands

23. Tokugawa Japan In mid 16th C, Japan lacked strong central government
Portuguese Jesuit missionaries had limited success in conversion
Europeans took advantage and sent merchants to exchange silver for manufactured goods
Japan welcomed trade initially
Technology for ships
Guns
Military advancements

24. Tokugawa Japan Early 17th C Tokugawa takes over and centralized power
Leader of the government was a military commander, called Shogun
Shogunate ruled Japan until mid 19th C
Closed Japanese ports to outside influence
Ran the Europeans out
Persecuted Christians
Only 1 Dutch ship in 1 Japanese port once per year

26. Mughal India Muslims from Central Asia moved into South Asia
Claimed to be descendants of Genghis Khan
Greatest ruler -- Akbar
Religious toleration
Minority in their own empire, little success or attempts to convert Hindus

28. The Netherlands Sea Merchants
Economic policies, laissez-faire, pro- business – bank loans, new commercial enterprises, shipping
Sent warships and soldiers under flag of Dutch East India Company to attack Portuguese outposts
Dominated trade in Europe with the “Spice Islands” (dutch chocolate, java)
Owned some sugar plantations in Caribbean

30. Collapse of Empires
Aztec, Inca, Byzantine

31. Aztec Expanded through conquest and extraction of tribute
Little attempt to assimilate conquered groups if tribute was paid
Trade vital to Aztec society
Rulers claimed to be gods (theocracy)
Human sacrifice – gods needed blood for the sun to rise
Slaves and captured enemy warriors used In this

33. Aztec Faced internal pressures in early 1500s
Conquered peoples rising up and complaining about higher rates of tribute
Added pressure because of the arrival of Spanish on the coast looking for gold

35. Inca In power for only about 100 years
Expanded due to military conquest and was tribute based
Emperor also claimed to be god
Incorporated conquered peoples into empire
Socialist in nature
All land, food and trade goods owned by government
All required to contribute to gov’t growth

36. Portuguese Jesuit missionaries had limited success in conversion

37. Inca Recordkeeping system – quipu
Also facing internal issues when the Spanish arrived
Civil war
Small pox epidemic

39. Byzantine Empire
By 1450 reduced to area surrounding city of Constantinople
1453 – defeated by Ottoman Turks
Ottomans change name of city to Istanbul
Convert Hagia Sophia into a mosque