1. Who is the “West” and why are they important?
Compare Russia’s interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West
Who is the “West” and why are they important?

2. Mughal (MOH-guhl) India 1526-1761
Toleration – Akbar’s (r ) new “Divine Faith” (Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, Christian)
Nanak’s Sikhs ( )
1723-Fragmentation favors European intrusions

3. Lessons Not Learned From the West
Ottoman & Mughal decline/Changes in military tech & world economy- difficulty of basing land empire on military paid in land grants
Money not in agriculture but in trade
Seafaring countries turn trade networks into maritime empires (ship design, navigation, cannon)
Joint-stock companies (English East India Co Dutch E India Co. 1602

4. Ming China
International demand for silk, lacquered furniture
Manufacturing: Assembly line production of porcelain (“china”)
16th c European merchants

5. Silverization Demand for silver opens ports at Macao and Canton
Silver comes from “Manila Galleons”
16th Century Jesuits allowed to enter (Matteo Ricci)
China not interested in European goods (clocks were like toys)
Market gets glutted Manchu invaders fall of Ming

6. Kangxi 1662-1722 A Manchu Open to New Ideas
Welcomes Jesuits
Create European style maps
Hold important offices
Their medical knowledge (quinine) saves him from malaria
Jesuits compromise to convert Chinese-allow Confucian ancestor worship/Pope objects & Kangxi orders all missionaries to sign a certificate accepting his position in support of Jesuits-breach develops, later Ching emperors persecuted them

7. Chinese Influence on Europeans
Variolation (an early form of inoculation)
Wealthy & aspiring middle classes demanded silk, tea, carved ivory (African finished in China)
Wallpaper
Voltaire proclaimed Ching
Emperors model philosopher-
kings who prevented aristocratic
privilege-poems by Emperor
Qianlong(1770’s)translated into
French

8. Russia’s Peter the Great 1689-1725
At his enthronement, there were 100’s
of western merchants in Moscow, European soldiers trained army in new weapons & techniques, Italian architects changed look of city
/travels to Europe-success due to trade (money for weapons) & toleration (talented fleeing persecution)
Modernizes & westernizes army, fashions, requires wives to end seclusion & attend functions, nobility educate their children

9. Russia’s “Westernization” was limited
Civil & foreign wars in late 16th early 17th transformed peasants to serfs
Tsars centralized power of expanding empire & rewarded nobles w/peasants
Peasants could change masters during a 2 week period each year-so were treated better
1649 peasants-serfs/tied to land-runaways had to be returned to master

10. Tokugawa Japanese
Using guns within 30 yrs. of Portuguese landing in 1543
No interest in each other’s goods, so Dutch bought gold & silver in Japan to buy Chinese silk to resell

11. Tokugawa Japanese 1603-1853 Catholic missionaries converted 300,000
non-elites by early 17th
1614-new Shogun persecutes
Christians & ends European
trade to end influence
Dutch on Nagasaki’s island
spread weapons tech, shipbuilding
math, astronomy, anatomy, geography “Dutch studies”
Francis Xavier
Died in Japan in 1552

12. Ottomans 1300-1922 1453-Use Hungarian cannon to take Constantinople
Conquest of Balkans (late 14th) provided them w/Christian POWs for military slaves (Janissaries)
“Tulip Period” craze for high priced tulips-experimented w/European clothing, furniture & printing