1. The Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Ming China, and Japan
Unit 8 Part 2

2. The Ottoman Empire

3. The Ottoman Empire Muslim Empire (1300 CE – 1922 CE)
Osman, leader of Turkish warriors
Built through conquest
Firearms
Dardanelles Straight
Helped control trade
Destroyed Byzantine Empire
Captured Constantinople (1453)

5. The Janissaries Ottoman army similar to Mongols
Mounted warriors, skilled archers
Transitioned to Christian POWs (slaves)
Converted to Islam, known as Janissaries
Fought on foot
Used firearms
Eventually became powerful, independent faction
Controlled business, lost interest in military ventures

6. Ottoman Administration
Led by a Sultan
Administrators (governors) led local provinces
Collected taxes
Janissaries weaken over time
Europeans catch up economically/militarily
Ottomans simply fall behind

7. The Mughal Empire (moo-gal)

8. The Mughal Empire (f. 1526 CE)
Followed collapse of Delhi Sultanate
Babur was from Turkey, not Mongolia
Mughal means ‘Mongol’
Babur was descendant of Genghis Khan

10. Mughal Administration
Population ~100 million
Efficient government
Akbar (r )
Most capable leader
Strong economy based on trade
Cotton- main export
To Europe for silver
No navy, invited foreigners to trade at ports

11. Tolerance of Hinduism Mughals were Muslim
Most of India’s population was Hindu
Early attempts to enslave Hindu POWs
Akbar, others, promoted harmony with Hindus
Akbar marries Hindu woman
Relations improved, though tension remained
Many lower castes converted to Islam
Hoped to improve quality of life

12. Decline of Mughal Empire
Began to decline in 1700s
Difficulty managing conquered areas
Especially southern India
Division between Muslims, Hindus never solved
Land-grants (similar to European feudalism)
Created local leadership, caused higher taxes
Reluctance to move forward technologically
British Imperialism

13. China Late Ming/Early Qing (‘Ching’)

14. Decline of the Ming Dynasty
Had replaced Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty
Decline begins after 1600
“Little Ice Age”
Famine, starvation, disease
Poor agricultural productivity
New World silver causes inflation (rising prices)
Population growth was low
Border invasions, internal rebellion

16. Rise of the Qing Dynasty
(Similar to Glorious Revolution)
Rebels attacked Beijing (capital city)
Ming general invites Manchus (Manchurians) to invade China
Take control from rebels
1644 – Manchu overthrow Ming Dynasty
Qing is established as China’s last dynasty
Rule until 1912

18. China during the Qing Dynasty
Manchus were foreigners
Minority population
Relied on Chinese to help government

19. Foreign Trade Europeans continued to seek trade with China
1500s- Portugal, Spain, Holland pursued trade
Chinese were reluctant to participate
By 1600s, Dutch East India Company became primary European trader

20. Traders brought Jesuits. -Converted Chinese elites to Christianity
Traders brought Jesuits -Converted Chinese elites to Christianity -Jesuits revise teachings to allow Confucianism
European Contributions
Chinese Contributions
First vaccine for smallpox
Management techniques
Trade goods
Silk
Tea
Porcelain
Wallpaper
Mapmaking
Astronomy
Anatomical and pharmaceutical knowledge
Attempted to control trade with China to avoid strict taxes, fail.

21. Civilization in Japan

22. Early Japanese History
Mountainous region
Began as many small states spread throughout islands
Unified between CE
Perhaps by invaders from Korea

23. Centralization (600s CE) Japan models itself after Tang
Centralized government
Legal codes
National histories
Architecture
City Planning
Adapt Chinese model, not copy
Maintained emperor
Native religion (Shinto) survives along with Buddhism

24. Shinto Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century
incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits
belief in sacred power (kami) in both animate and inanimate things.
The state religion of Japan until 1945.

25. Political Development
Heian Period (794 CE – 1185 CE)
Fujiwara clan controlled government
Late 1000s- warrior clans became wealthy/powerful
Kamakura Shogunate established
Shogun becomes true leader
Shogun – commander-in-chief, military leader
Emperor exists as a symbol/figurehead

26. The Tokugawa Shogunate
Shoguns reunite Japan after civil war in 1600
Tokugawa continued feudal society
Loyal regional lords (daimyo) rewarded with land
Non-supportive lords sent to North or South
Samurai become bureaucrats, consumers
Promote rise of independent wealthy merchant class

27. European Contact Jesuits arrive in late 1500s
Limited success in conversions
Exception- Farmers of southern/eastern Japan
Rebellion in region blamed on Jesuits
Christians were persecuted, Christianity outlawed
Japan closes borders to all foreigners
Policy lasts from 1649 until 1866
Was designed to prevent spread of foreign influence
Small groups of European traders were allowed to trade
From Nagasaki (port city) only