English Colonization

The Rise of England Spanish decline  Expensive wars  Spanish Armada English Society  Monarchy v. Parliament  English Civil War  Gentry  Urban growth Economics  Rise of “middle-class”  Joint-stock Companies Religion Henry VIII Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants Puritans Differences in Spanish and English Colonization Ecomienda Company control Profits

Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to settle in present-day North Carolina Roanoke Colony  Returned to England after 1 year 2 nd Attempt Lost Colony

Jamestown Virginia Company sponsored a settlement off the James River in Virginia Swampy Local Indians – Powhatan Confederacy led by Opechancanough Problems

The Starving Times Jamestown was beset with problems from the start  Company Mission & leadership  No farmers – gentleman  Expected the Company to provide provisions  John Smith - “work or don't eat”  – “The Starving Times”  Dale's Laws  Indian problems – Powhatan Confederacy. Full-scale war from  Lack of settlers  Saving grace? John Rolfe and tobacco in 1619

Tobacco Changed Everything The profits generated by tobacco made Virginia profitable New Settlers  5,000 from 1617 – 1623  Elected Assemblies Headright System  Method of enticing settlers  Free land (50 acres) if you could pay for your trip  7 years of service if the Company paid for your trip then you received 50 acres  Precursor to indentured servants Still a Need for Labor  75% male  High mortality rate  1640 – 8,000 people in Jamestown, but 20,000 had immigrated

The Origins of Slavery in Virginia Tobacco required immense labor and land to turn a profit Headright System brought in new settlers but it had problems Importing African labor  Already African slaves in the Caribbean  1625 – 23 Africans  1660 – 900 Africans  Mixed status – Not all slaves  Anthony and Mary Johnson  Stricter racial codes developed over time

Massachusetts & Maryland

A Few Notes Not all the New England colonists were fleeing religious persecution They were not seeking freedom of religion for all They were not attempting to build a democratic form of government

Puritanism Protestant reform movement  Reform or “Purify” the Anglican Church  Rejected Church hierarchy Calvinism – predestination  Sinners v. the Elect  Conversion Material Success  Protestant work ethic God's Chosen People Model Christian Society

The Two Strains of Puritans Separatists  Separate from the Anglican Church  Pilgrims  Plymouth Colony Puritans Reform the Church “City upon a Hill” Massachusetts Bay

Pilgrims and Plymouth Separatists left England in 1607 for the Netherlands Received land from the Virginia Company in North America The Mayflower landed in Plymouth (Mass.) not Virginia in 1620 Not all separatists Mayflower Compact  No jurisdiction  Formed a government in a sense

Plymouth Colony Relatively small Problems with food, cold, and illness French and Spanish raiders Squanto Stability around 1645

Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans Much larger than Plymouth 1630 – Charter from Charles I for Massachusetts Bay Company Financed by the Puritans themselves – differences between Jamestown? John Winthrop - “City upon a Hill” Elected a governor, deputy governor, and 18 assistants to the government. Must be of the “Elect” Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts – 1648 Puritan Church, Puritan government, Puritan belief. No freedom of worship.

New England Colonization Differed from Jamestown/Virginia colonies Came as families Hierarchical social order – expected duties Larger families – labor Higher life expectancy Different crops

Pequot War Vacuum Domicilium Pequot tribe in present-day Connecticut English with some Narragansett Indian allies destroyed the Pequot Allowed further colonization – Connecticut colony, no charter until 1662

Rhode Island Roger Williams  At odds with Puritan leadership, namely Church involvement in government  Banished from Mass. Colony in Settled in Providence Providence Plantation  Religious toleration  Separation of Church and State  Full male participation in government Anne Hutchinson  At odds with Puritan leadership. Individual judgment  Portsmouth colony 1644 Rhode Island Charter

Maryland & the Carolina Maryland  1632 – Lord Baltimore received a charter to pay off Charles I gambling debts  Haven for Catholics, but religious toleration  Manorial system Carolina Charles II – post restoration of the Crown Religious toleration Feudal system Caribbean settlers slavery

New York New Amsterdam was a Dutch colony Weak Dutch outposts and trading centers 1664 English attacked New Amsterdam and took it without a fight After changing hands 2 more times, became New York in 1674

English Colonization Overall Extraordinarily diverse Different governments, religions, stability, and economic incentives These geographic and cultural differences persist!