Organic molecules (Biological molecules) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules containing carbon

Molecules that contain carbon. All life on Earth is organic – we all contain carbon 1. Organic molecules Vocab word Definition Picture

What’s so special about Carbon? Carbon is a versatile atom – It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight – Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

Carbon can use its bonds to – Attach to other carbons – Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons What’s so special about Carbon?

Four Basic Types of Organic Molecule 1.carbohydrates (sugars and starches) 2.lipids (fats) 3.Proteins (enzymes and antibodies) 4.nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). –Because they are large, these molecules are called macromolecules.

Contains: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Functions: used for energy Stores energy Forms body structures Examples: breads, pastas, starches, fruit 2.Carbohydrates (sugars and starches – “saccharides” ) Carbohydrate:

1.Monosaccharides 2.Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides There are three types of carbohydrates!

Simple sugars - glucose (soft drinks) - fructose (fruit) One strand of carbon and hydrogen 3. Monosaccharides 3 types of Carbohydrates

Two monosaccharides linked together Di – means 2 Sucrose – table sugar Most common type of carbohydrate 4. Disaccharides 3 types of Carbohydrates

Many saccharides linked together Very big Starches and cellulose (plant sugars) wood 5. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) 3 types of Carbohydrates

Contains: Carbon Hydrogen oxygen Functions: Stores energy (more energy than carbohydrates) Forms cell membranes Carries messages (nerves) Examples: fats and oils 6. Lipids - fats Lipids!

the main component of cell membranes 7. Phospholipids Common types of lipids:

hydrocarbons with the carbon atoms arranged in a set of 4 linked rings. Examples: cholesterol, steroid hormones, waxes 8. Steroids Common types of lipids:

Contains: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen and sulfur Functions: Helps cells keep their shape Makes up muscles speeds up chemical reactions Carries messages and materials Examples: enzymes, antibodies, amino acids 9. Proteins Proteins:

subunits of proteins, There are 20 different kinds of amino acids in proteins. 10. Amino Acids Types of proteins:

all metabolic transformations, building up, rearranging, and breaking down of organic compounds, are done by enzymes, which are proteins. 11. Enzymes Proteins:

Contains: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus and nitrogen Functions: Contains instructions for proteins Passes instructions from parent to offspring Helps make proteins Examples: DNA RNA 12. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids:

Contains: four bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. The order of these bases in a chain of DNA determines the genetic information. DNA consists of 2 complementary chains twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. 13. DNA Two types of nucleic Acids:

Contains: RNA consists of a single chain that also uses 4 bases: however, the thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA. RNA is much less stable than DNA, but it can act as an enzyme to promote chemical reactions in some situations. 14. RNA Two types of nucleic Acids:

Exit slip 1.List and give and example of the four types of organic molecules. 2.What is carbon and why is it important for life on Earth?